Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name nitrogène was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790 when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote, from the Ancient Greek: ἀζωτικός "no life", as it is an asphyxiant gas; this name is used instead in many languages, such as French, Italian, Russian, Romanian, Portuguese and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds.
Nitrogen is the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dinitrogen, a colourless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula N2. Dinitrogen forms about 78% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant uncombined element. Nitrogen occurs in all organisms, primarily in amino acids (and thus proteins), in the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and in the energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate. The human body contains about 3% nitrogen by mass, the fourth most abundant element in the body after oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. The nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air, into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.
Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen. The extremely strong triple bond in elemental nitrogen (N≡N), the second strongest bond in any diatomic molecule after carbon monoxide (CO), dominates nitrogen chemistry. This causes difficulty for both organisms and industry in converting N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time means that burning, exploding, or decomposing nitrogen compounds to form nitrogen gas releases large amounts of often useful energy. Synthetically produced ammonia and nitrates are key industrial fertilisers, and fertiliser nitrates are key pollutants in the eutrophication of water systems.
Apart from its use in fertilisers and energy-stores, nitrogen is a constituent of organic compounds as diverse as Kevlar used in high-strength fabric and cyanoacrylate used in superglue. Nitrogen is a constituent of every major pharmacological drug class, including antibiotics. Many drugs are mimics or prodrugs of natural nitrogen-containing signal molecules: for example, the organic nitrates nitroglycerin and nitroprusside control blood pressure by metabolizing into nitric oxide. Many notable nitrogen-containing drugs, such as the natural caffeine and morphine or the synthetic amphetamines, act on receptors of animal neurotransmitters.
Hi All,
I tried to find entropy of liquid nitrogen in various data books, using nitrogen's CAS number, MSDS, but I was able to get the entropy of nitrogen till only 100K, not below that.
Does anyone know what's the entropy of liquid nitrogen or that where can I find it?
Thanks!
Is there a chemical that can absorb oxygen and nitrogen and in solid form.
I need to make a vacuum in a pvc pipe or close to a vacuum.
I was wondering if there were some chemicals that I could insert into the pipe and then close the end and tip it over and mix the chemicals together that...
I've read a lot of articles about neutral nitrogen and its properties, but I was wondering if it was or has the same properties as nitrogen gas, N2? Like in regards to its emission/absorbtion spectrum, is it the same as the emission spectrum of N2 gas? thanks
if so is the only way to obtain it is to increase pressure and decrease pressure, and how long can it be maintained because online it says it can only exist for a microsecond, but if pressure and temperature is maintained why can it not be maintained longer
Im working on an exisiting Ntirogen supply system that's used to blanket boilers and pipelines etc. at a thermal power plant. I am trying to determine the capacity of the system. I have determined the size of the liquid ntrogen tank to be 8m^3 but I'm lost on how to determine the amount of gas...
What is the "first positive", "second positive", "first negative" systems of nitrogen
Hello,
I have been trying to catch up on spectroscopy theory, and I'm trying to get a grasp on what all the terms mean. I constantly seem the terms "first positive system", etc... coming up, and I'm not sure...
Homework Statement
You come into lab one day and find a well insulated 2000mL thermos bottle containing 500mL of boiling liquid nitrogen. The remainder of the thermos has nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1.0atm. The gas and liquid are in thermal equilibrium. While waiting for lab to start, you...
Homework Statement
how many possible quantum states for a nitrogen atom with electronic configuration of 1s22s22p3
Homework Equations
?
The Attempt at a Solution
So, the answer for this question is 20, but I can't for the life of me find out how. The book we're given is...
Homework Statement
I understand that the hybridization of, say, ammonia is sp3. I see that the nitrogen atom of pyridine is sp2. I don't understand why the nitrogen of pyrrole is sp2. I understand that it is aromatic and thus must be sp2. But there are three bonds and one lone pair which...
Homework Statement
I undertook a practical experiment where a back titration was used to determine the amount of nitrogen in fertiliser.My titres are 3.9, 3.7 and 4.2 So I know this reaction occurred:
NH4+ + OH- ---> NH3 +H2O
I then boiled the solution to expel the Ammonia and the excess OH-...
Hi all - looking for help as a metallurgist - not a chemist.
For a powder metallurgy project I need a simple, solid, powdery nitrogen compound I can mix with metallic, compacted powder and heat to 500 deg C. I need it to liberate nitrogen to react with the metal surfaces. I was looking at...
Homework Statement
Estimate the precise value for the specific heat of a nitrogen molecule at T=13.6K
Homework Equations
I'm pretty sure the correct equation is:
Cp = (7/2)*R + R((hv)/(kT))2 *((e(hv/kT))/(e(hv/kT)-1)2
So R=8.314 J K-1mol-1
T=13.6K
h=6.626*10-34m2kg s-1...
Homework Statement
Nitrogen at a pressure of 100 psia and a temperature of 300 F flows through a circular pipe with a diameter of 6 inches. The velocity profile is parabolic with V= [1-(r/3)^2]
where r is the local radius in inches and V is the velocity in ft/s. Determine the mass flow rate...
Homework Statement
Experimental evidence suggests that the nitrogen atom in ammonia, NH3 , has four orbitals in the shape of a pyramid or tetrahedron. Draw an energy-level diagram to show the formation of these orbitals. (Hint: No electron promotion is required.)
Homework Equations...
How much liquid nitrogen?
Hi All,
A liquid nitrogen evaporation question for you :)
A large metal container is kept at constant temperature of 40 degrees Celsius.
This container has a long 10inch diameter tube opening connected to its top.
Through a second opening liquid nitrogen...
Homework Statement
The problem is that we need to calculate, how much time it takes for nitrogen to evaporate.
Given data: dewar flask is in a room, where is T= 293K temperature; In such flask m=0,2 kg of Hydrogen would evaporate in t= 3600s. Also there is given boiling point temperatures for...
I am pondering on what the correct Lewis structure(s) for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) may be...
I have come up with 7 possible structures, but am unsure which are correct and which are not. I have compiled a small list of notes for your convenience and they are all in this picture.
Which...
Hello everyone!
I am trying to design a magnetic testing apparatus that needs to remain at -196K for 20 minutes. There is not exactly a straight foreword equation to get a calculation for the evaporation rate of liquid nitrogen. The apparatus looks like this, and I have highlighted the area...
Nitrogen is a lewis base because it has a lone pair of electrons with which to form bonds with electrophiles. Oxygen has 2 lone pairs of electrons and halogens have 3. Why doesn't oxygen use any of its spare pairs of electrons to react with electrophiles?
I have read in a lot of places the PAN acts as a very good reservoir of nitrogen dioxide. I can't find much information on why though. All I have found is that PAN is thermally unstable and has a very short lifetime at typical tropospheric temperatures, but becomes much more stable at lower...
Homework Statement
Lowest energy term symbols for Nitrogen
Homework Equations
L=l1+l2, l1+l2-1, l1-l2
S=s1+s2, s1-s2
J=S+L, S-L
The Attempt at a SolutionSo I think I'm doing this right up until finding the J value.
So the configuration of nitrogen is 1s22s22p3, so were working with 3...
Is it possible to freeze liquid in tank with compressed nitrogen? Tank has double sides where nitrogen is relased. Also there are numerous nozzles inside tank through which nitrogen spray. Would be final result solid form of liquid? What is difference in time, amount of nitrogen needed for 50...
I just thought I would ask some people's opinions about this as I am stuck on what to do.
I am currently working for a food manufacturing company that pack their food with nitrogen gas to increase shelf life. However they have an acceptable limit of how much nitrogen can be within the...
Homework Statement
. A nitrogen in the container (molar mass is 28 g/mol) has a pressure of 2.5 atm, a volume of 0.2 m3, and a temperature of 300C. What is the mass of the nitrogen?
A. 125 g
B. 258 g
C. 421 g
D. 582 g
E. 864 g
Homework Equations
I'll show you EXACTLY what i am...
Homework Statement
Suggest one way to yield ammonium salt of ephedrine from reactants phenacetin and ephedrine
. In the ans. consider both phenacetin and ephedrine as containing nitrogen. Explain why they would differ in reactivity and solubility.
Homework Equations
-
The Attempt...
Only assuming that the worst will happen and that will include the complete breaches through the bottom of the sealed containment of all four reactors, wouldn't it be possible, first, and then prudent, second, to be ready to cool these molten masses with liquid nitrogen being injected...
Greetings. I've been reading papers on plasma kinetics and have come across the term "shape resonance" a few times when describing peaks in electron impact cross section (function of energy). I have seen calculations attempting to explain these for atoms like helium but I'm not sure how close...
Homework Statement
Just need someone to confirm whether I am right for this
(The prac is using back titration to find the amount of Nitrogen in Fertiliser)
How would the following affect your experiment:
Burette, pipette and volumetric flask are rinsed with the wrong solution i.e water...
Hi there,
I'm a first timer on this forum and am hoping to get some help.
Homework Statement
4.00×10^23 nitrogen molecules collide with a 18.0 cm^2 wall each second. Assume that the molecules all travel with a speed of 350 m/s and strike the wall head on.
Homework Equations
F...
I was thinking about how you'd hybridize oxygen and nitrogen orbitals (should be pretty straightforward), but I was getting confused. It's clear to me for carbon binding to 3 atoms with a double bond on one (say C in benzene ring: electron from 2s gets promoted to 2p, then you have 3 sp2...
Dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1%.
From Wikipedia, Earth's Atmosphere
Is possible for a human to breathe in an...
Homework Statement
Pyridine and pyrrolidine react rapidly with dilute aqueous HCl to form the corresponding hydrochloride salts which are easily purified, isolated and stored in a charge. However, pyrrole, which is another nitrogen-containing heterocycle, does not form a hydrochloride salt...
Why don't they use nitrogen for welding instead of argon . Unless it does something to the metal . Nitrogen seems like it would be cheaper than argon .
I need some help in calculating the specific volume ( in cubic metres per kg) of Nitrogen at various temperature + pressures. Eg, at 100.73K and 817kPa. Can anyone please point me in the right direction ?
Homework Statement
At 0C and 1 atm pressure the densities of air, oxygen and nitrogen are 1.293, 1.429 and 1.251 kg/m3. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in air, assuming only these two gases to be present.
The Attempt at a Solution
Which equation should we use here?
Which is more electronegative, nitrogen or chlorine? Most of what I hear or read says that nitrogen is more electronegative. However, oddly, most electronegativity charts I see show chlorine with a slightly higher value. Why is this?
Can anyone recommend a white light source to be used in a cryostat down to 77 K? We are using it in temperature-dependent studies of PV devices. Currently we have an incandescent bulb which has shifted its spectrum towards red over time and we're looking for a replacement. It would be nice to...
i'm trying to figure out the expansion rate of nitrogen at any given psi in room temperature. roughly in fps.
trying to calculate how fast we can move a piston arm to get maximum velocities
Homework Statement
Calculate the mass of nitrogen dissolved at room temperature in a 92.0 L home aquarium. Assume a total pressure of 1.0 atm and a mole fraction for nitrogen of 0.78.
Homework Equations
PV=nRT
The Attempt at a Solution
P_{total}=1 atm
P_{N}=.78 atm
V=92LSo here is what...
This is not homework, but a problem from work.
If 4 tanks with fixed 90m^3 volume contained Nitrogen gas at 701.3 kPag were purged to 131.3 kPag through a 100mm pipe how would I work out the velocity/volumetric flow rate of the output?
Thanks
I'm supposed to do a little demonstration to some middle school kids and one thing that's planned is sticking a balloon in liquid N2. The guy who showed us what they want (who doesn't appear to know anything about science) claimed that the liquid you see in the bottom of the balloon when you let...
I know the undeniable substantial applications of cryogenics fluids in engg. sciences, but can't hold on how these fluids are cooled or liquifed from gaseous state??
I remember seeing a physicist on TV putting an argon or nitrogen sealed glass tube in a microwave and when he turned it on the tube started flashing an emitting visible light,
So how come when i put a sealed glass jar that i glued a lexan lid on in the microwave it does not emit light , i...
Hey,
I saw a documentary about the first Nitrogen powered plane.
It was being developed in Germany and is more a prototype than anything else.
They said one of the problems is that the tank is insanly expensive for liquid nitrogen but "Cheap" for nitrogen gas.
Well I don´t understand why it...
Homework Statement
1.5 is a typical walking speed.
At what temperature would nitrogen molecules have an rms speed of 1.5 ?
Homework Equations
V=(3*K_b*T/m)^.5
V is the rms speed
K_b is Boltzmann's constant
T is temp in kelvin
m is mass
The Attempt at a Solution
I am...
1. The average translational kinetic energy of a nitrogen molecule at temperature is _____
check picture
2.
3. The Attempt at a Solution :
since nitrogen is diatomic then it has 5 degrees of freedom and therefore the average kinetic energy wouldn't be 3/2kt it would...
I'm constructing a pulsed solenoidal accelerator (coilgun) and am looking to boost efficiency by supercooling the copper wire in the coil. I'm also getting a quote for a high-temperature superconductor film to use in place of the copper wire.
In either case, I will need submerge the coil in...