What is Solid: Definition and 1000 Discussions

In object-oriented computer programming, SOLID is a mnemonic acronym for five design principles intended to make software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable. The principles are a subset of many principles promoted by American software engineer and instructor Robert C. Martin, first introduced in his 2000 paper Design Principles and Design Patterns.The SOLID concepts are

The Single-responsibility principle: "There should never be more than one reason for a class to change." In other words, every class should have only one responsibility.
The Open–closed principle: "Software entities ... should be open for extension, but closed for modification."
The Liskov substitution principle: "Functions that use pointers or references to base classes must be able to use objects of derived classes without knowing it". See also design by contract.
The Interface segregation principle: "Many client-specific interfaces are better than one general-purpose interface."
The Dependency inversion principle: "Depend upon abstractions, [not] concretions."The SOLID acronym was introduced later, around 2004, by Michael Feathers.Although the SOLID principles apply to any object-oriented design, they can also form a core philosophy for methodologies such as agile development or adaptive software development.

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  1. B

    Volume of solid x^2 + (y-1)^2 =1 about y-axis

    Homework Statement Hello, I am to find the volume of the solid given by x2 + (y-1)2=1 rotated about the y-axis. I may use either shells or cylindrical method. I attempted shell method, but am just learning this, still foggy and this is the one question that isn't coming out right. Homework...
  2. A

    Engineering Solid State Physics vs Electronics Engineering

    Forgive me for asking this question if the answer is obvious. The truth is I have a BENG in electrical engineering and want to know the differences between the two. From an engineer's perspective its about knowing what you can do with the devices in a useful way and design, analyze and build the...
  3. A

    Optimizing Refractive Index for Bright and Even Side Glow in Solid Core Object

    Hi All, I'm trying to create something which has a solid, cylindrical, non-reflective core (assume the core is made out of a black rubber similar to that of a car tyre for instance and 20m in length, but only 1cm in diameter), which has a translucent or transparent plastic layer (or several...
  4. C

    Solid state ultrafast spectroscopy - a good research direction?

    I am interested in ultrafast optical spectroscopy of solid state materials. The unique measurements and especially the process of developing new measurement tools for the optical measurement of quantities that are hard to measure in other ways, and the learning of transferrable skills, make this...
  5. H

    Find the charge density inside a solid insulating sphere?

    Homework Statement The electric field at a distance of 0.143m from the surface of a solid insulating sphere with radius 0.381m is 1630N/C . a) Assuming the sphere's charge is uniformly distributed, what is the charge density inside it? b) Calculate the electric field inside the sphere...
  6. M

    If the earth's core was to abruptly turn solid

    How long before our magnetic field disappeared and how long after that would we be dead due to radiation?
  7. M

    Using shell method to find the volume of a solid

    Homework Statement Use the shell method to find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the line y=2x+15 and the parabola y=x2 about the following lines: a) The line x=5 b) The line x= -3 c) The x-axis d) The line y=25 Note: leave answer in terms...
  8. S

    How does light behave when passing through glass or water?

    When light passes in glass, water etc then velocity is reduced and direction changes HOW?
  9. ZetaOfThree

    Should I take solid state physics?

    I am an undergrad and for the most part I am looking for a good physics class to take. I am considering taking solid state physics at the level of Kittel as its one of the only physics classes offered at the undergrad level this semester that I haven't taken. I haven't taken quantum mechanics...
  10. kelvin490

    Intermetallics and solid solution

    For some systems, discrete intermediate compounds rather than solid solutions may be found on the phase diagram, and these compounds have distinct chemical formulas; for metal–metal systems, they are called intermetallic compounds. e.g. Mg2Pb has 33 at% Pb For binary isomorphous system like...
  11. J

    Smells from Solid Matter: Wood

    If so, what about smells coming from solid matter, like wood?
  12. Hardik Batra

    Discover the Derivation of Solid Angle: Short and Simple Method

    I want to know the derivation of solid angle. I have found on net. But the derivation is to long, is there any short method?
  13. I

    What Is the Most Current Model in Solid State Physics?

    Hi Everyone, I was curious as to what the most current model in solid state physics is. I've studied the Einstein and Debye Models in Stat Mech, as well as free electron and tight binding models in an intro solid state class, but these models are rather old(which does not imply they are...
  14. duhuhu

    Welded Versus Solid Piece Modal Analysis

    Looks like it is time for round two... So for any of you who were following my other post (https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=762560) about whether or not to glue my model or make a solid piece for a modal analysis, you know that I was having a lot of trouble deciding. It turns out...
  15. S

    Exploring Matter: Empty Space & Energy

    Learing about matter and what it is composed of, I'm spending a lot of time trying to wrap my brain around the idea that most of our mass is empty space, that the mass of our atoms is calculated and expressed in energy. How is this possible? Are the recreations moving so fast they almost create...
  16. Q

    Help I'm feeling stupid. :( ("A solid sphere rolls down an incline)

    Homework Statement "A solid sphere rolls down an incline plane without slipping. If the center of mass of the sphere has a linear acceleration of 1.21 m/s2, what is the angle of the incline to the horizontal?" Homework Equations a = g * sin(θ) The Attempt at a Solution I got home...
  17. jjrocks

    Designing ATV Rear Wheel Solid Axle: Considerations

    I m considering to design a solid axle ATV for rear wheel drive without differential...so I want to know about what design considerations I have to consider while its designing.(like track width...suspension linkage position)
  18. duhuhu

    Glued Versus Solid Model in Modal Analysis

    I am performing Modal analysis on a fairly simple structure (a square aluminum rod with some pillars attached to the top of it) and need to get some basic modal analysis results. Making a solid aluminum piece would be rather expensive and time consuming to design and then mill out, so the...
  19. N

    Angular velocity of a solid disk

    Homework Statement A solid disk is spinning around it center with an angular velocity of 35.0 rad/s. The disk has a mass of 3.6kg and a radius of .50m. You drop a thin ring with the same radius and a mass on the disk along the same center of rotation. What is the angular velocity of the...
  20. N

    Laser Beam - Divergence and Solid Angle

    I am somewhat confused about the connection between divergence and solid angle for a beam. I know individually what each term means... but I'm confused as to how (or even if) one can calculate the solid angle of a beam, given the divergence. I have some notes from a previous lecture series I...
  21. T

    Solid Introductory Text to Ordinary Differential Equations

    Hi, I am taking (ordinary) differential equations as a summer course and we are studying from a horrid textbook, in my opinion. Just curious if anyone might be able to suggest what is considered to be the "standard" introductory text on ODE. While I'm certainly interested in PDE, I don't...
  22. S

    MHB Solid by rotating a region

    Okay, so, we have y=2/x, y=0, x=1, x=3 and it's rotating around y=-1 As I understand it... This means (2/x +1)^2-(0+1)^2 (4/x^2 + 4/x) The integral of that is -4/x + 4ln(x) Am I right so far? Plug in the 3, and then the 1 -4/3 + 4ln(3) - -4+4ln(1) Then the result of that is multiplied...
  23. andyrk

    Time for falling down the incline (Rotating Solid Cylinder)

    Homework Statement A solid cylinder of radius R is spun and then placed on an incline having coefficient of friction μ=tanθ (θ is the angle of the incline). The solid cylinder continues to spin without falling for time: (A)Rωo/3gsinθ (B)Rωo/2gsinθ (C)Rωo/gsinθ (D)2Rωo/gsinθ The Attempt at a...
  24. R

    Negating the need for anything actually solid

    If it’s true that every atom has negatively charged electrons on its outer shells, and if it’s true that all matter is made of such electrons, be it our finger or a mountain or a planet, (meaning that all ‘things’ are negatively charged) and if it’s further true that what appears is not...
  25. K

    MHB Volume of Solid of Revolution; Simpson's Rule

    1.find tthe volume solid generated by revolving the region bounded y=sqrt x and the ;lines y=1, x=4 about the line y=1 2. using simpson rule witj n=4 to aproximate int from 0 to 1 1 over 1-x power 2 dx
  26. adjacent

    Why NaCl does not conduct electricity in solid state?

    Homework Statement The titleHomework Equations NahThe Attempt at a Solution It has no free moving ions or electrons Then, my teacher saw the electrons and gave 0 marks to the question(It was on the test paper) He said that if he didn't see electrons there, he would have given a mark. Why? I...
  27. tridianprime

    Solid Helium: Why No Images? | Feynman Lectures Vol.1

    I was not sure exactly where to put this but it involves images so I thought it was no too inappropriate here. I was reading the Feynman Lectures Vol.1 and he says that Helium, although not solid at absolute zero normally, can be so in high pressures. I then googled this for images but none...
  28. G

    Effects of New Solid Sphere on Water Level

    Homework Statement A small solid sphere of mass M0, of radius R0, and of uniform density ρ0 is placed in a large bowl containing water. It floats and the level of the water in the dish is L. Given the information below, determine the possible effects on the water level L, (R-Rises, F-Falls...
  29. T

    Stream function along solid boundary

    Hi, I am studying fluid mechanics and I am trying to get to grips with slip and no-slip boundaries. I know that: Slip ---> Occurs when fluid is inviscid so no viscous stress at boundary. No-slip ---> Viscous effects mean the the tangential velocity must be zero, relative to the boundary...
  30. R

    Double resonant solid state tesla coil

    So, the igbt bridge system i have going is a 600 volt 300 amp full bridge of cm300 igbt's and i was wondering if a .660uf tank capacitor is too big for my system. The mmc is made out of 2000 volt 1uf capacitors, 2 strings of 3 in series. Thank you.
  31. T

    Solid Mechanics Stress Blocks- Principle blocks

    Hey guys, I would just like some confirmation that I got this question correct. Homework Statement For the stress block shown in Figure 3a, using the stress equations; a) Calculate the stresses sigmax' sigmay' and taux'y' on a stress block rotated 15° clockwise from the x-y axes...
  32. T

    Simply Supported Beam Stress Block Selection

    Homework Statement Hey guys, I have a test coming up soon, and our lecturer gave us a sample test. I am working through it, but we have not been given any answers to confirm if what we are doing is correct. The Question: "For the simply supported beam (with upstand) shown in...
  33. M

    X-ray applications in solid state physics

    hello everyone, i am looking for a comprehensive link for the topic above as i want to do some research on various applications of x-rays in solid state physics. its a personal research but i have some materials but i still feel i need a whole lot more. Any form of help would be appreciated...
  34. M

    Is Delta H of formation the same for NH4NO3 Aqueous and in Solid Form?

    I am doing a project in Chemistry and I need to use Hess' Law to cancel two equations and if in one equation the NH4NO3 is solid and in the second one the NH4NO3 is aqueous. The equations are: 1: NH4NO3 (s) + HCl (aq) --> HNO3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq) 2: NH4OH (s) + HNO3 (aq) --> H2O (l) + NH4NO3...
  35. veronica1999

    MHB Volume of Solid with Circular Base & Equilateral Triangles

    A solid has a circular base of radius 3. If every plane cross section perpendicular to the x-axis is an equilateral triangle, then it's volume is I keep on getting 18 root 3. But the answer is 36 root 3. Could I get some help? Thanks.
  36. I

    Use a double integral to find the volume of the indicated solid

    Homework Statement Use a double integral to find the volume of the indicated solid. Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I can't find what I did wrong, it seems like a simple problem... $$\int_0^2 \int_0^x (4-y^{2})dydx=\int_0^2 4x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}dx$$...
  37. R

    Steel Soap bars: magnetic core, solid?

    I bought a Stainless Steel soap bar and it works, it just does. It was from China and hollow inside and I would like to know if that's either a cost cutting measure or how the bar works? What would happen if it were solid? Another thing would be if it had a magnetic core, or made from a metal...
  38. G

    Solid pivoted pendulum attached to a spring - oscillation period?

    Homework Statement The figure shows a 200 g uniform rod pivoted at one end. The other end is attached to a horizontal spring. The spring is neither stretched nor compressed when the rod hangs straight down. What is the rod’s oscillation period? You can assume that the rod’s angle from vertical...
  39. B

    Regarding Kittel's solid state physics 167 page

    Homework Statement In Kittel's 'Introduction to solid state physics' (8th ed.), on page 167, it says "The wave functions at the Brillouin zone boundary ##k=\pi/a## are ##\sqrt{2} cos (\pi x/a)## and ##\sqrt{2} sin(\pi x/a)##, normalized over unit length of line." Here I cannot understand...
  40. D

    Diffraction condition - Kittel's Intro to Solid State Physics 8th ed.

    Homework Statement How to derive equation (22) on page 31 of Kittel's Intro to Solid State Physics 8th edition. The equation is: 2\vec{k}\cdot\vec{G}+G^2=0 Homework Equations The diffraction condition is given by \Delta\vec{k}=\vec{G} which from what I can surmise is the starting...
  41. Z

    Angular momentum of a solid cylinder rotating around axis

    Homework Statement I'll provide picture for clearer understanding. The solid cylinder of mass ##m## and radius ##r## revolves about its geometric axis at an angular rate ##p## rad/s. Simultaneously, the bracket and shaft revolve about x-axis at the rate ##\omega## rad/s. Determine the angular...
  42. K

    Can a Torus Be Created with Checkerboard Quadrilateral Faces?

    Is it possible to create a solid whose sides are all quadrilaterals, and whose vertices are all bringing together four edges? I've been playing around in autocad and haven't been able to come up with a way to do this. I'm trying to make a checkerboard type of solid where no touching faces have...
  43. N

    Entropy of a mole of a crystalline solid as a function of temperature

    Homework Statement 5. The nuclei of atoms in a certain crystalline solid have spin one. Each nucleus can be in anyone of three quantum states labeled by the quantum number m, where m = −1,0,1. This quant number measures the projection of the nuclear spin along a crystal axis of the solid. Due...
  44. S

    Kinetic Energy of Rotating Solid disk or cylinder about symmetry axis

    Homework Statement A horizontal 845.0 N merry-go-round with a radius of 4.3 m is started from rest by a constant horizontal force of 74.0 N applied tangentially to the merry-go-round. Find the kinetic energy of the merry-go-round after 2.2 s. Assume it is a solid cylinder. The...
  45. A

    MHB Find the volume of the solid of revolution, or state that it does not exist. #2

    I'm having some trouble with this problem: Find the volume of the solid of revolution, or state that it does not exist. The region bounded by f(x)= 6(4-x)^(-1/3) and the x-axis on the interval [0,4) is revolved avout the y-axis. How would I be able to tell whether to use the shell, disk, or...
  46. A

    MHB Find the volume of the solid of revolution, or state that it does not exist.

    Find the volume of the solid of revolution, or state that it does not exist. The region bounded by f(x)= the square root of ((x+3)/(x^3)) and the x-axis on the interval [1,infinity) is revolved around the x-axis. I tried using the disk method: pi* (sqrt(((x+3)/(x^3)))^2 Then I think I have to...
  47. Y

    Introduction level Solid State - Mean free time/path & lattice spacing

    Homework Statement Silver has a density of 10.5E3 kg/m3 and a resistivity of 1.6E-8 Ω*m at room temperature. On the basis of the classical free electron gas model, and assuming that each silver atom contributes one electron to the electron gas, calculate the average time, Tau, between...
  48. O

    Atoms in a Solid: Why Their Vicinity Matters

    Why do atoms just have a general vicinity of which they rest in a solid?
  49. T

    Volume of a solid using disks/washers

    Homework Statement Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region enclosed by y=\frac{1}{1+x^2} , x=-1,x=1 and y=0 about the line y=2 Homework Equations pi(outer radius)^2-pi(inner radius)^2 The Attempt at a Solution Since i am rotating around a horizontal line i figured...
  50. S

    Brushed motor solid magnet strength

    hi guys! i was wondering if the solid magnet part of a brushed dc motor needs to be strong in order to make a strong motor? I'm designing a motor from scratch and wondering if i should use an existing ferrite magnet that is somewhat strong or should I design a electromagnet that is stronger...
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