Property (latin: Res Privata) in the abstract is what belongs to or with something, whether as an attribute or as a component of said thing. In the context of this article, it is one or more components (rather than attributes), whether physical or incorporeal, of a person's estate; or so belonging to, as in being owned by, a person or jointly a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation or even a society. Depending on the nature of the property, an owner of property has the right to consume, alter, share, redefine, rent, mortgage, pawn, sell, exchange, transfer, give away or destroy it, or to exclude others from doing these things, as well as to perhaps abandon it; whereas regardless of the nature of the property, the owner thereof has the right to properly use it (as a durable, mean or factor, or whatever), or at the very least exclusively keep it.
In economics and political economy, there are three broad forms of property: private property, public property, and collective property (also called cooperative property). Property that jointly belongs to more than one party may be possessed or controlled thereby in very similar or very distinct ways, whether simply or complexly, whether equally or unequally. However, there is an expectation that each party's will (rather discretion) with regard to the property be clearly defined and unconditional, so as to distinguish ownership and easement from rent. The parties might expect their wills to be unanimous, or alternately every given one of them, when no opportunity for or possibility of dispute with any other of them exists, may expect his, her, its or their own will to be sufficient and absolute. The Restatement (First) of Property defines property as anything, tangible or intangible whereby a legal relationship between persons and the state enforces a possessory interest or legal title in that thing. This mediating relationship between individual, property and state is called a property regime.In sociology and anthropology, property is often defined as a relationship between two or more individuals and an object, in which at least one of these individuals holds a bundle of rights over the object. The distinction between "collective property" and "private property" is regarded as a confusion since different individuals often hold differing rights over a single object.Types of property include real property (the combination of land and any improvements to or on the land), personal property (physical possessions belonging to a person), private property (property owned by legal persons, business entities or individual natural persons), public property (state owned or publicly owned and available possessions) and intellectual property (exclusive rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc.), although the last is not always as widely recognized or enforced. An article of property may have physical and incorporeal parts. A title, or a right of ownership, establishes the relation between the property and other persons, assuring the owner the right to dispose of the property as the owner sees fit. The unqualified term "property" is often used to refer specifically to real property.
This is not a homework problem. I came across this in an analysis book:
In a complete ordered field (not specifically R) a member that is not zero is positive ⇔ this member is a square.
WHY?
How can we prove it?
Is this similar to Hilbert's 17th problem?
dear friends,
i've noticed that the main feature of my inner experience is the sense that something exists, and that the main feature of my outer experience is the sense that something is solid, and I've wondered if these two experiences might be two views of the same thing: solid existence...
Homework Statement
Show that the operation of taking the gradient of a function has the given property. Assume that u and v are differentiable functions of x and y and that a, b are constants.
Homework Equations
Δ = gradient vector
1) Δ(u/v) = vΔu - uΔv / v^2
2) Δu^n = nu^(n-1)Δu...
Homework Statement
Derive an expression for the isentropic compressibility of a solid (BETA sub S) in terms of isothermal compressibility (beta sub T) and other properties normally tabulated.
Homework Equations
β_T≝-1/V (∂V/∂P)_T
β_S≝-1/V (∂V/∂P)_S
The Attempt at a Solution
I...
Homework Statement
\int_{0}^{\infty } e^-^x dx = -\frac{1}{e^x} \Biggr|_0^\infty = 0 + 1 = 1
Notice that I abused \frac{1}{\infty} = 0.
My question is, when we compute integrals, why do we ignore the fact that \frac{1}{\infty} = 0 is not a limit?
Homework Statement
prove that
2√2 <= ∫(from 0 to 1) (√x+8) dx <= 3
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
well...my only idea on how to solve this would be to evaluate the middle term, but my prof says it's not allowed. Do I just assign functions to the left and right...
Homework Statement
Prove that Hausdorff is a topological property.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
For showing that a quality transfers to another space given a homeomorphism, we must show that given a Hausdorff space (X,T) and a topological space (Y,U), that (Y,U)...
Homework Statement
I recently saw a youtube video in which someone filled a cup with water and created a vacuum with a piece of cardboard. Then, he transfers it to a table and removes the cup using a twisting motion. The end result is the water retaining the form of a cup. Is this actually...
A light source emits light in all directions, and the light travels at light speed, yet when we shut off this light source, all the light rays immediately disappear. I just thought about this and it just seems so strange. When we think of a sound source, we can shut off the sound source but the...
Homework Statement
Prove that if A: V - >V is a linear map, dim V = n, and h1,...,hk (where 1,...,k are subscripts) are pairwise different eigenvalues of A such that their geometric multiplicities sum to n, then A does not have any other eigenvalues.
Homework Equations
Note sure if this is...
Does the Archimedean property work for unbounded sets? My book does a proof of the Archimedean property relying on the existence of sup which relies on the existence of a bound.
Homework Statement
I was wondering how I could prove the following property of 2 antisymmetric tensors F_{1\mu \nu} and F_{2\mu \nu} or at least show that it is correct.
Homework Equations
\frac{1}{2}\epsilon^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma} F_{1\rho \sigma}F_{2\nu \lambda} + \frac{1}{2}\epsilon^{\mu...
Suppose the functions f(t) and g(t) are periodic with periods P and Q, respectively. If the ratio P/Q of their periods is a rational number, show that the sum f(t)+g(t) is a period function.
How to prove this?
how do you prove the sign-preserving property?
it says here that.
If f is continuous at a, and f(a) < 0, then there is an open interval I containing a such that f(x) < 0 for every x in I.
For a proof, simply take the open interval (2f(a),0) for the challenge interval "J" in the...
"Antimatter": Property Or Label?
I am interested in learning whether a particle’s status as "matter" or "antimatter" is an independent property of that particle, a constellation of other properties or a (somewhat nonspecific) designation. Opinions are welcome if a definitive answer has not...
Say I have a molecule with two metal centers and some bridging ligands binding the two metal centers, how do I know whether the molecule is ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic (or neither)? What exactly dictate whether this molecule would be ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic?
1. The function f(x) is not defined for x = 0. It has the property that for all nonzero real numbers x, f(x) + 2f(1/x) = 3x. Find all values of a such that f(a) = f(-a)
2. The function f is defined by f(x) = (ax+b)/(cx+d), where a, b, c, and d are nonzero real numbers, and has the properties...
I came across of an equality which I have difficulty to understand. If f_n is a rational algebraic homogeneous function of degree n in the differential operators and if g_n is a regular non-differential homogeneous function of the same degree n, following equality takes place [Hobson: The theory...
Hello.
I need some help to prove the first property of the density matrix for a pure state.
According to this property, the density matrix is definite positive (or semi-definite positive). I've been trying to prove it mathematically, but I can't.
I need to prove that |a|^2 x |c|^2 +...
Hi, my question is sort of a general work problem.
using that work is equal to the integral from x initial to x final of F dot dl, I'm having trouble trying to visualize why this works for a spring.
assuming, for example, a spring is stretched from equilibrium, the force of the spring is...
Homework Statement
If E has finite measure and \epsilon>0, then E is the disjoint union of a finite number of measurable sets, each of which has measure at most \epsilon.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I proceeded by showing that by definition of measure, there is a...
Let A,B be mxn matrices and C be nxk matrix. What is the necessary or sufficient condition such that AC=BC implies A=B ?
In my work, A and B are m by m matrices and C is just a column vector m by 1. In this specialized case, what are the condition imposed on the elements of C such that AC=BC...
Homework Statement
how come that 16/64=.25
166/664=.25
1666/6664=.25
and any 1then n number of sixes / the same number of sixes then 4 = .25
same thing with 19 / 95
is there other strange division patterns?
Homework Statement
Provide an example that shows why the reflexive property is not redundant in determining whether a relation is an equivalence relation or not. For example, why can't you just say, "If xRy then yRx by symmetric property, and then using transitive property you get xRx."...
Homework Statement
Suppose the function f has the property that |f(x) - f(t)| <= |x - t| for each pair of points x,t in the interval (a, b). Prove that f is continuous on (a, b).
Homework Equations
I know a function is continuous if lim x-->c f(x) = f(c)
The Attempt at a...
I have a query regarding Specific Volume, which is a property of a substance. I don't get why it is considered as an Intensive Property. It IS dependent on mass (SV = m/density) and hence I think it should be an Extensive Property. Could someone explain pl?
I am trying to understand the following theorem:
An ordered field has the least upper bound property iff it has the greatest lower bound property.
Before I try going through the proof, I have to understand the porblem. The problem is, I don't see why this would be true in the first...
Homework Statement
Prove the Archimedean property
Homework Equations
Know what a least upper bound is
The Attempt at a Solution
Assume that if a and b are positive real numbers, na≤b for all natural numbers n. Then the set S of all numbers na, where n is a natural number, has b...
Hey guys, sorry for practically flooding the forum today but I have an analysis exam and nobody is more helpful than phys forum folk.
I am having trouble understanding a line in Rudin. Thm 2.36:
If {K_{\alpha}} is a collection of compact subsets of a metric space X s.t. the intersection of...
Homework Statement
Homework Equations
Continuity @ v0
The Attempt at a Solution
Using the epsilon delta definition of continuity:
If we choose epsilon such that epsilon < a, then |f(v) - f(v0)| < a.
So f(v) is in the interval (f(v0) - a, f(v0) + a).
Only half of this interval is what I want...
For all k \in N, f(2k + 1)= f^{2}(k) + f^{2}(k + 1)
I couldn't find this one in the forum... I am stuck on the induction step, really I have no idea how to get it going. Oh, and the k statements should be in subscript, I was having real problems with LaTex, misreading subs and sups. Thanks...
Homework Statement
Using the density of Q(rationals) in R(real numbers), prove the Archimedean property.
Homework Equations
Density of Q in R: For all x,y in R, and x<y, there exists q in Q s/t x<q<y.
Archimedean property says: For every real number x there exists a natural number y...
I've searched these forums hardcore about these questions and the wide range of answers is so confusing to me, so I hope that maybe if I provide some examples and specific questions, I may better understand.
I always hear that quantum particles exhibit "intrinsic" randomness in the states they...
I think I've cleared up a fundamental misunderstanding I've had for a while, and want to get confirmation I'm right. Is the following statement true?
In QFT, a quantum field is not part of the state of a quantum system, and is not an aspect of reality that needs to be measured to be known...
Homework Statement
I am just curious ?
I have a feeling that completeness or the archimedean property relies on well ordering but I am not entirely sure.
However, completeness funishes a supremum or infimum for any subset of R that is bounded above or below, respectively.The Attempt at a...
Homework Statement
Prove the statement that (a,b) = (c,d) iff a = c and b = d with only using the first order logic (rules), the axiom of extensionality, the axiom of pair, and the definition that (a,b) = {{a},{a,b}}. Any intuitive approach should be avoided.
The example of intuitive proof...
when solving physics problems we have to do various calculation to find a quantity but the results are different if we round up in every operation than if we round up in only the final operation? I never cared before but sometimes I see big differences especially when dealing with numbers with...
This from another thread (according to PF's rules, the quoted part belongs in that thread, but the follow-on part belongs in its own, separate thread):
So:
mheslep, yours is a very good reminder that market economies will render whatever new technologies at least as expensive as any...
What is the property of a particle known as spin?
I ask this because I read somewhere that particles don't actually spin around and that no one really knows what spin is.
If no one knows what spin is, how can we measure it?
How can prove this
\exp(At)\exp(-At_0)=\exp(A(t-t_0))?
using \displaystyle\sum_{i=0}^n{(1/k!)A^kt^k}
and this properties
in t=0
[\exp(At)]_{t} = I
exp(At)exp(-At)=I
\frac{dexp(At)}{dt}=Aexp(At)=exp(At)A
Homework Statement
Identify integral as the mean value of a harmonic function at a point and evaluate the integral:
\frac{1}{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} \; cos(1+cos(t)) cosh(2+sin(t)) \; dt
Using:
u(x_0,y_0) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} \; u[x_0+rcos(t) , \; y_0+rsin(t)] \; dt...
Homework Statement
prove the following
if a is an odd integer, then, 24 l a(a2-1)
(i'm not familiar with modulo yet, i think it can help, but let don't use it yet ;P)
Homework Equations
n/a
The Attempt at a Solution
i stumbled when using 2n+1=a for all integer n, because i will only get...
Homework Statement
proof the theorem
if a l b and b l a then a=+-b
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
there exist integer p,q such that ap=b and bq=a, then I've no idea how i can relate it to a=+-b.. clue please T_T
I just learned the Brouwer fixed-point theorem of dimention 1 and 2.But the exercises make me sad,I can't solve them.
Suppose X and Y are of the same homotopy type and X has the fixed-point property.Does Y also have it?
Homework Statement
Scanned and attached
Homework Equations
I am guessing a combination of induction and the telescoping property.
The Attempt at a Solution
I'm studying this extramurally, and I've just hit a wall with this last chunk of the sequences section, so if someone can...
Homework Statement
Let f be a C1 function on [-pi,pi]. Prove the Fourier coefficients of f satisfy
|an| <= K/n and |bn| <= L/n n=1,2,...
Homework Equations
an = 1/pi * int[-pi..pi] (f(x)*cos(nx)) dx
bn = 1/pi * int[-pi..pi] (f(x)*sin(nx)) dx
Sorry if my form is slightly...