What is Normalization: Definition and 241 Discussions

Database normalization is the process of structuring a database, usually a relational database, in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model.
Normalization entails organizing the columns (attributes) and tables (relations) of a database to ensure that their dependencies are properly enforced by database integrity constraints. It is accomplished by applying some formal rules either by a process of synthesis (creating a new database design) or decomposition (improving an existing database design).

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  1. H

    Why is my two-particle wavefunction not normalizing over time?

    Homework Statement Hi, I've been working on this for a while but I just can't seem to figure this out. I have to solve a problem regarding a one-dimensional two-particle wavefunction psi(x1, x2, t) that is normalized at t=0, and the particles are not in spin. I have to show that the...
  2. diegzumillo

    Normalization and singularities

    Hi There! Being direct to the point: Does normalization removes singularities? Such as infinite. I came up with this question because, while I was working with a not normalized function, I reached a very strange result. There are two points where the probability tends to infininte...
  3. K

    Schrodinger Equation Preserves Normalization

    Homework Statement Show that the time dependent Schrodinger equation preserves the normalization of the wavefunction 2. The attempt at a solution I don't need help showing this, I'm just not too sure what the question is asking. Do I just show that if a normalized wave-function \psi is a...
  4. S

    Maximum Likelihood Fitting normalization (Bevington)

    Hi, I'm posting this in this particular forum because, though this's a statistics question, my application is in high energy. My question is regarding a problem in Bevington's book (Data Reduction and Error Analysis..., Page 193, Ex. 10.1), but I'll give a general description here... Say...
  5. N

    Quantum Mechanics: Normalization Requirements (E>Vmin)

    I have just begun using the 1-D Schrodinger Equation in my quantum mechanics course. We are assuming the potential, V, is solely a function of x (V(x)). I have been examining the solution to the differential equation through separation of variables. Ψ(x,t) = ψ(x)φ(t) (Assuming Ψ(x,t) is...
  6. J

    Normalization of a delta function in curved spacetime

    Which of the following are true in curved spacetime? \int d^4 x \delta^4(x - x_0) = 1 (1) \int d^4 x \sqrt{-g} \delta^4(x - x_0) = 1 (2) I think the first one is incorrect in curved spacetime, or in general when the metric is non-constant. I would argue this by saying that the delta...
  7. G

    Calculate Normalizing Factor for Integers

    hello all how can I determine the normalizing factor for arandom integers between tow values?
  8. G

    How do I properly normalize a function over a region in space?

    Homework Statement I have normalized the following function: Q=\int (1-y^2) dx dy Homework Equations using the expression for the normalization \vert N \vert ^2 \vert \int Q^* Q dx dy \vert^2 =1 The Attempt at a Solution then I obtained \int Q^* Q dx dy = x (y-...
  9. M

    QM - Hydrogenic wavefunctions - normalization

    I just want to make sure I understand this point: The eigenfunctions of the hydrogenic Hamiltonian are \varphi_{nlm}=R_{nl}Y^{m}_{l} If I need to find the probability of finding the electron in the nucleus (in r<R0), and I use the normalized R_{nl}, can I simply calculate the integral...
  10. P

    Determining Normalization Constant c: Homework

    Homework Statement Consider the electron wave function where x is in nm: psi(x)=cx |x|<= 1nm & c/s |x| => 1 nm Determine the normalization constant c Homework Equations integral(|psi(x)|^2) dx=1 between infinity and negative infinity The Attempt at a Solution this may...
  11. T

    Normalization of Slit #2 Wave Amplitude

    Homework Statement In a double-slit experiment, the slits are on the y-axis and the electrons are detected on a vertical screen. When only slit #1 is open, the amplitude of the wave which gets through is \psi(y,t) = A \exp^{-y^2} \exp^{-i((ky-\omega t)} when only slit #2 is open...
  12. D

    Normalization of wave functions

    [SOLVED] Normalization of wave functions Mainly my question is that with the normalization of a wave function in quantum mechanics we use \int_\infty^\infty |\Psi(x,t)|^2 dx = 1 and we can solve for a constant we may have been given in the problem. Homework Statement Determine...
  13. I

    Calculate the normalization of a Particle in a box

    [SOLVED] Particle in a box Homework Statement A particle is described by the wave function \Psi(x)=Ae^{(-bx^2)}. Calculate the normalization factor A. Homework Equations & The Attempt at a Solution So, to normalize \psi(x), we integrate the probability (\Psi(x)^2) over the entire area (this...
  14. R

    How to Determine Normalization Factor for Wavefunction with Exponential Decay?

    Homework Statement I'm trying to determine a normalization value, A, for the following wavefunction: \Psi = Ax{^2}exp(-\alpha x)}, x>0 \Psi = 0, x<0 In the past, I've had an i term in my exponential, so when applying the Normalization Condition: \int|\Psi(x)|^2 dx = \int\Psi{^*}(x)...
  15. T

    Apply Normalization condition in QM problem

    a.) Apply Normalization condition for the n=3 Ѱ-solution to find constant B. b.) Find <x> c.) Find <p> d.) Calculate probability that particle of mass m is located between 0 and a/2. Given: Ѱn(subscript)(x) = Bcos(n*pi/a)x Solution to ∞ square well from -a/2 to a/2 (Width "a"...
  16. L

    Normalization of wave function in x, y and z

    Hello, How do I find the normalization constant for psi(x,y,z) = N exp -(x/2+y/2+z/2) ?? I did the following: \int(psi^* psi)dx dy dz = 1 the integral bounds are from -infinity to infinity and the * means the complex conjugate.The integral is so weird that I couldn't find N. I used...
  17. W

    Normalization of a wave function with cosine

    I need to normalize the following wave function: psi= Cexp(-abs(x))exp(-iwt)cos(pix) I know that when squaring it, the time dependent part drops out, which is good, but what I seem to be left with is Psi^2=C^2exp(-2abs(x))cos^2(pix) Which seems like a fairly complicated integral to...
  18. F

    - Numerical Derivative, Normalization, lost here

    Ok, I'm trying to recreate some results from a paper, and I am really lacking in understanding. I'm getting extremely frustrated. I'll try to create a similar problem that replicates the original problem. The original problem, is three coupled non-linear differential equations that must be...
  19. J

    Near Normalization calculation for given wavefunction

    Near "Normalization" calculation for given wavefunction Homework Statement A wave function is given by Y(E) = CEexp(-E/kt) 1. Find C so that Y(E) becomes Y0 where Y0 is a constant. 2. Calculate the mean energy with respect to Y(E). 3. Find Y(t) as a function of wavelength and...
  20. B

    Normalization Factor Homework: Calculating N and Measuring S Eigenvalues

    Homework Statement A quantum system has a measurable property represented by the observable S with possible eigenvalues nh, where n = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. The corresponding eigenstates have normalized wavefunctions \psi_{n}. The system is prepared in the normalized superposition state given by...
  21. P

    Normalization of a spin function

    Homework Statement Given that the antisymmetric spin function for a 2 electron system is N[a1b2-a2b1], find the normalization constant N. (and by a and b I mean the alpha and beta spin states and by 1 and 2, I mean the labels on the two electrons... Homework Equations Normalization...
  22. S

    Normalization of a wave function question

    A wave function (psi) equals A(exp(ix)+exp(-ix) in the region -pi<x<pi and zero elsewhere. Normalize the wave function and find the probability of the particle being between x=0 and pi/8 Equation is : the integral of psi*(x,t)psi(x,t)=1 for normalization
  23. E

    Normalization of kets to unity

    Homework Statement I understand how you normalize vectors to unity, but how would you normalize a function to unity? For example, how would you show that the function (2/L)^(1/2) sin(n*pi*x/L) is normalized to unity? You cannot just just take its modulus and set it to one since because x...
  24. G

    Normalization of wave functions (hydrogen)

    Homework Statement Show that the (1,0,0) and (2,0,0) wave functions listed in table 7.1 are properly normalized. http://www.geocities.com/greenlran/phtable712.jpg Homework Equations psi.n.l.ml.(r,theta,phi)=R.n.l.(r)THETA.l.ml.(theta)PHI.ml.(phi) The Attempt at a Solution To...
  25. P

    Finding the Normalization Constant for a Wave Function with Given Parameters

    Homework Statement The wave function of a particle is Y(x,t) = A e^-kx*e^-iwt for x greater than or equal too 0, and it is zero everywhere else. What is the numerical value of the normalization constant A for k=5.55 1/nm and w =7.19 1/ps? Homework Equations intergral Y^2=1 The...
  26. B

    Having trouble with this normalization

    1.Question. the unnormalized excited state wavefuction of the H atom is: \psi = ( 2 - r/a_0 ) e^a where a = -r/a_0 Normalize the function to one. 2. My attempts. I tried 'integrating' the psi*psi, i.e. I squared the above wavefuction. N^2\int_{0}^{\infty} R^2e^{2a}\int_{0}^{\pi}sin...
  27. K

    Finding the Normalization Factor N for Wavefunction

    I was given this wavefunction and asked to find the normalization factor, N. lpsi>= N[2 lphi1> - lphi2> +i lphi3>] I am confused as to how to get this problem going. Do I just take <psi l psi> and set it equal to one? I probably have many more questions to ask, but...
  28. S

    Normalizing Interconnected Data: A-A, A-B, B-B

    This may be a simple problem, but I wanted to run it by some other people before using my solution. I have two distinct sets of items A and B which may or may not be connected to one another. I want to know whether or not the interconnections between them are significiantly different, i.e are...
  29. G

    Solving Normalization Factor for 1s Atomic Orbital of H

    Hi all! I hope somebody is able to help me on my way with this question. I have been asked to show that the Normalization factor for the 1s atomic orbital of H is 1/(\Pi a_o^3)^\frac{1}{2}. The wavefunction is \psi(r) = N exp(-r / a_o) I'm given dt = r^2 sin \Theta and dr d\Theta d\Phi and...
  30. G

    Calculating Normalization Factor for 1s Atomic Orbital of H

    Hi all! I hope somebody is able to help me on my way with this question. I have been asked to show that the Normalization factor for the 1s atomic orbital of H is 1/(\Pi a_o^3)^\frac{1}{2}. The wavefunction is \psi(r) = N exp(-r / a_o) I'm given dt = r^2 sin \Theta and dr d\Theta d\Phi and...
  31. P

    Solving Normalization with Psi(r)=Ne^(-ar)

    Hi there I'm stuck on one of the normalization question, I'd be glad if you can help me out. The questions is, psi(r)=Ne^(-ar) where N is a normalization constant and a is a known real parameter. Solution reads, 1=int dr lpsi(r)l^2 = 4piN^2 int (from 0 to infinity) dr r^2 e^(-2ar) What I...
  32. Reshma

    Normalization constant for Hydrogen atom

    Help, I'm losing it :cry:. Wavefunction of Hydrogen atom in the ground state is: \Psi (r) = Ae^{-r/r_0} Determine A. I set about trying to obtain the Normalization factor. \int \Psi^2 (r) dV = 1 \int \left(A^2 e^{-2r/r_0}\right)(4\pi r^2)dr = 1 What limits should I take for this integral?
  33. Reshma

    Is the 2s Hydrogen Atom Wavefunction Normalized?

    For this given wavefunction of a hydrogen atom in 2s state, verify if the function is normalized: \psi_{200} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{32\pi a^3}}\left(2 - \frac{r}{a}\right)e^{\frac{-r}{2a}} My work: I have to verify: \int_{all space} \psi_{200}^2 dV = 1 dV = 4\pi r^2dr So, \int_{all space}...
  34. F

    Normalization of a wave function

    Normalization of a wavefunction Let Phi be a wave function, Phi(x)= Integral of {exp(ikx) dk} going k from k1 to k2 I'm having trouble normalizing the wave function. I calculated the integral, then multiply by its conjugate and now I'm supposed to integrate again /Phi(x)/^2 in all...
  35. T

    Normalization constant.

    I have been trying to figure out how to find the normalization constant for the ground state harmonic oscillator wave function. So: \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} {\psi_0}^2 (x) = 1 {\psi_0}^2 (x) = A^2 e^{-2ax^2} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}A^2 e^{-2ax^2} = 1 A^2...
  36. M

    Why needing normalization technique?

    Why needing normalization technique?? Why do we have to normalize an experiment for instance in microarray or transfection? Thanks.
  37. S

    Calculating Normalization Constant for Wavefunction

    How do I calculate the normalization constant for a wavefunction of the form (r/a)e^(-r/2a) sin(theta)e^(i*phi)? How would I write the explict harmonic oscillator wavefunction for quantum number 8(in terms on pi, alpha, and y) thanx
  38. P

    Normalization of spherical harmonics

    There is this excersise in Griffith's QM text that I can't seem to solve. It's about the calculation of the normalization factor of the spherical harmonic functions using the angular momentum step up operator. These definitions/results are given: Y_l^m = B_l^m e^{im\phi} P_l^m (\cos\theta...
  39. T

    Normalization conditions in quantum mechanics

    I am familiar with the normalization \int\left|\Psi\right|^{2}dx=1 Because we want to normalize the probability to 1. However if a state vector isn't in the x basis and is just a general vector in Hilbert space, we can take the normalization condition to be: <\Psi|\Psi>=1...
  40. C

    Normalize Wave Function: Find A Value

    How do I find the value of the normalization constant A for the wave function Ψ = Axe ^ (-x squared/2)? I know that I set it equal to 1, but do i do the integral from negative infinity to positive infinity; for no other limits are given?
  41. C

    How do we normalize an odd function in the Schrodinger equation?

    I realize that when we normalize a solution to the Schrodinger equation, that we are setting it equal to 1, in order to maximize our chances of finding it. The question which I have is how do you normalize : lψl^2 = Axe^((-x^2)/2). The problem which I see is the e^(-x^2)/2). What would you...
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