What is Translation: Definition and 231 Discussions

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages. Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated.Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. More recently, the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated "language localisation".

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  1. P

    Torque required to keep a body in pure translation as it accelerates

    Hello All, I've been searching for days to try and solve this but I'm going round in circles so thought I'd fire it out to into the ether! I'm analysing a gantry system that is essentially cantilevered from one end but the part of the problem I'm struggling with can be simplified thus...
  2. S

    Primitive Translation Vectors

    Homework Statement The vectors r1 and r2 below represent atomic positions in a crystal. r1 = (n1 + n3)ax + (n2 + n3)ay + n3az r2 = (n1 + n3 + 1/2)ax + (n2 + n3 1/2)ay + (n3 + 1/2)az Assume first that the two vectors above correspond to two different types of atom. Find a set of...
  3. U

    Translating a Wavefunction: Differentiating with Respect to ##a_x##

    I'm not sure how they got equation 4.5 Starting from ##\psi'> = U_{(\vec{a})} |\psi>## where ##U_{(\vec{a})} = e^{\frac{-i\vec {a} \cdot \vec {p}}{\hbar}}## Differentiating both sides with respect to ##a_x## and setting ##a = 0##: \frac{\partial |\psi'>}{\partial a_x} = \frac{-ip_x}{\hbar}...
  4. A

    Translation Invariant: Seeing it Intuitively & Mathematically

    How do I see that when my hamiltonian is translation invariant i.e. H = H(r-r') it means that it is diagonal in the momentum basis? I can see it intuitively but not mathematically.
  5. D

    Space Translation: Sidney Coleman's Lectures Problem

    Hi, In Sidney Coleman's Lectures he talked about space translations such that but when I expanded the exponentials and and used the commutation relation of p and x, I got ρ(x+a) instead of ρ(x-a) Does anyone see where I may of went wrong?
  6. fluidistic

    Time translation invariant equation

    Homework Statement I must show that the equation ##\frac{\partial E}{\partial t}=t\nabla \times E## is invariant under time translations and I must also find its symmetries if it has any. Where E is a function of time and position.Homework Equations Already given. The Attempt at a Solution I...
  7. P

    Vector Components and Translation

    Inspired by a question in Griffiths' E&M book (1.10), I am wondering why the components of a vector do not change when the coordinate system is translated by a constant vector. I understand that, for instance, the velocity of something moving in a coordinate system won't change if we then...
  8. K

    Simple Transformation of a Function: translation, reflection, sketch

    Homework Statement Hi all. I am having trouble to understand the combination of transformation on a function: h(x)= a*f(b(x-c))+dHomework Equations The problem I am struggling with is the order of transformation; I do see that: f(x-c) is translation in the right since every event happen before...
  9. omephy

    Unitary spacetime translation operator

    Srednicki eqn. (2.23) and (2.24) states: We can make this a little fancier by defining the unitary spacetime translation operator T(a) \equiv \exp(-iP^\mu a_\mu/ \hbar) Then we have T(a)^{-1} \phi(x) T(a) = \phi(x-a) How do we get the second equation from the first equation?
  10. D

    Natural examples of metrics that are not Translation invariant.

    I am trying to explain metric spaces and finding it hard to come up with simple to understand, interesting examples of metrics that are not translation invariant. The audience is people who are just now studying general metric spaces.
  11. B

    Looking for the ENGLISH translation of the JAPANESE manuscript

    Dear forumers, I'm looking for the translation in ENGLISH for the following article : On the Dispersion Mechanism in Laminar Flow through Tubes Kunio Arai1), Shozaburo Saito1), Siro Maeda1) 1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University Chemical engineering Vol. 31 (1967) No. 1 P...
  12. J

    FM radio system for simultaneous translation

    Maybe someone who knows about FM radio transmission equipment can help me. I'm the pastor of a 200 member church in Berlin Germany. I would like to build a small system to broadcast simultaneous translation. I would think all I need is an FM transmitter, microphone and FM radios or headset...
  13. N

    Simple reflection and translation question

    Homework Statement If the graph of 1/x is reflected in the y-axis, translated 3/4 units to the right and 2 units up, the resulting graph would have the equation... A) 1/(x-2) + 0.75 B) 3/(4x) +2 C) 2 - 1/(3/4x) D) -1/(4x-3) + 2 E) 1/(3-4x) + 2 2. The attempt at a solution So the general...
  14. L

    Translation operator. Infinite potential well.

    For potential well problem for well with potential which is zero in the interval ##[0,a]## and infinite outside we get ##\psi_n(x)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{a}}\sin \frac{n\pi x}{a}##. If I want to get this result for well with potential which is zero in the interval ##[-\frac{a}{2},\frac{a}{2}]## and...
  15. 8

    Alternative form of the 2nd translation theorem proof

    hi guys, this is literally my first post here on physicsforums so i apologize in advance that my latex formatting sucks. Homework Statement prove the alternative form of the 2nd translation theorem of the laplace transform: L[f(t)u(t-a)]=e^{-sa}L[f(t+a)] where u(t-a) is the unit step...
  16. M

    Understanding the Translational Operator and Its Applications

    e^{\alpha\frac{d}{dx}}=1+\alpha\frac{d}{dx}+\frac{\alpha^2}{2!}\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+...=\sum^{\infty}_{n=0}\frac{\alpha^n}{n!}\frac{d^n}{dx^n} Why this is translational operator? ##e^{\alpha\frac{d}{dx}}f(x)=f(x+\alpha)##
  17. A

    Find the translation vectors of the primitive cell

    Homework Statement Find the translation vectors of the primitive cell. The figures are provided. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I found these are more difficult than what I am learning from Kittel. I did number 1, but not sure if it is correct. Answer or hint for any of the...
  18. A

    The generator of time translation

    It is not hard to show that for QM what takes the wave function from t->t+Δt is the exponential of the hamiltonian. Yet for some mysterious reason my book decides to note the Hamiltonian as the generator of time translation rather than the exponential of it. What is the reason for this?
  19. L

    Force on rigid body: translation or rotational acceleration?

    Homework Statement A perpendicular force F acts on the tip of a thin rod of length L and mass M in the ij-plane which is not fixed. What is the translational and rotational acceleration of the rod about the center of the rod? Homework Equations At first it seems like an easy problem...
  20. W

    Expanding a translation operator

    I'm trying to understand the construction of the T(ε) operator and why it is equal to I-iεG/hbar. The textbook I'm using (Shankar) talks defines the translation operator with the phase factor: T(ε)\left|x\right\rangle=e^{i \epsilon g(x)/\hbar}\left|x+\epsilon\right\rangle and...
  21. T

    Calculating the translation force on a cam follower

    Hi all, I have been trying to solve this problem, I basically have a cam that's pushing up a follower and I was wondering if someone could check my work So from the diagram below I have a force acting on the follower at a 77.6 deg angle. So I did Fy = F x Sin(12.4deg) = 1.012 lbf, Then...
  22. A

    Understanding of the word within with regards to translation in math

    understanding of the word "within" with regards to translation in math I need a clear understanding of the word "within" with regards to translation in math. Like if I say integers of X is within the interval of 5 and 10. Does this mean: [5,10] (5≤ X ≤10)?? The reason I ask this is because in...
  23. W

    Error in Algebraic Construction or Computational Translation?

    I have an equation that I've been trying to solve. I manipulated it until I had a=f(d) and then did by best to put it into a format the computer recognizes. However when I went back to check the results against the unsimplified version of the equation, they didn't work out as they should have...
  24. F

    Rotation and translation of an object

    Hello Forum, if a force is applied to an object along a direction that passes through the center of mass, the object will translate without rotation. If the force acts along a line that does not pass through the CM, will the object both rotate and translate? Where and how does the force...
  25. C

    Angular Velocity in Curvilinear Translation?

    HI there. Some days ago, whyle studying vector mechanics I came across with a rather dazzling doubt. Why isn't there angular velocity and accelaration in a curvilinear translation? Imagine, a small planet in a perfect circular orbit around a star. Let's say, the planet has no form of...
  26. H

    After translation, what determines the fate of mRNA molecules?

    What happens to mRNA's after translation. Do they get degraded?
  27. R

    MATLAB Mathematica to MATLAB translation

    Hi, I have some Mathematica code I want to translate in Matlab, does anyone know how to translate the Table [expr,{i,a,b}]to Matlab? I made one with a loop, but loops are very slow and I am going to analyze large datasets with the functions.
  28. L

    Translation on Inorganic Chemistry ()

    Hi! I am trying to translate a paper on inorganic chemistry from Spanish into English but, since I am not an English native speaker and my knowledge of chemistry is limited, I could definitely use some help in order to get everything right. With regard to the title of the paper (NC =...
  29. L

    Translation using rotation matrix

    Hi, I want to calculate the coordinates of an object after a particular translation. I have the 3D coordinates at the origin: x0,y0,z0 and i have the 3x3 rotation matrix: (r11, r12, r13; r21, r22, r23; r31, r32, r33) If I want to move 3 units forward, in the direction i am facing and two...
  30. C

    Program Verification - Translation rule

    Hi I am doing a course on Program verification and am having trouble with the properties of summation, more specifically the rule of translation: "Suppose function f maps values of type J to values of type K, and suppose g is a function that maps values of type K to values of type J. suppose...
  31. Q

    Translate Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces Problem 1-5.4

    Homework Statement This is the 1st problem in the section 1-5, do Carmo' Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces. It is in page 22. We have a parametrized curve \alpha (s)=(a\cos \frac{s}{c}, a\sin \frac{s}{c},b\frac{s}{c}) with c^2=a^2+b^2. The 4th problem is to show...
  32. R

    Need a definition of Translation

    Hi there, Having a little difficulty. I have to revise Translation and rotation of a rigid body. But I don't know what is meant by translation of a rigid body. Rotation is obvious. I am guessing that it is the movement of a rigid body from one place to another. The best way I can explain...
  33. S

    Which Logic Translation Correctly Expresses Everyone Likes Mary, Except Mary?

    Homework Statement I am going back and reviewing some elementary material in logic/set theory. Among the problems in the quantifier section is the following english sentence to logic sentence translation: Everyone likes Mary, except Mary herself. Now, my attempt was: (∀x)[(x≠m →...
  34. W

    Lost in Translation - Power Requirements

    Hello! This is my first post but I have been a lurker for a long time! I am starting my own business in the U.S. and have run into a bit of lost in translation when it comes to the electrical requirements needed. I am importing a water system from Hong Kong that is based on: Single...
  35. K

    Potential Invariant under translation

    When I was learning translational symmetry I saw that for translation invariance, i.e [T,H]=0 the momentum P needs to be conserved [P,H]=0. This momentum is actually the generator of small translations defined as T:x→x+ε. Now, I was solving some problems and I met one which is...
  36. F

    Sum of External Forces, Center of Mass Translation

    I am a bit confused about a statement I read in my textbook saying the sum of external forces on a body is equal to the body's mass times the acceleration of it's center of mass. It seems to me if a long rod is suspended in the air by a string at its center of mass, and I tap the rod near one of...
  37. B

    Momentum and Translation operator.

    In the concept of translation operator, there's a line said that where and How could they interpret that this parameter ρ is really a momentum operator?
  38. TrickyDicky

    How Does Earth's Helical Trajectory Affect Its Calculated Speed Through Space?

    Usually the mean translation speed of the Earth around the sun is calculated (approximating its elliptic orbit with a circular orbit) to be around 29.7 Km/s. This is fine if we consider the sun is still, but we know this is not the case (see for ilustration ), the sun is also moving thru space...
  39. E

    Can you please check my translation?

    Hi! I don't know if this is the right place to post this topic, if there is a better place, please let me know and I'll move my post. I have to write a resume of my project and I have to write it in English. My mother language is Italian and I'm not so good in writing in English, so can you...
  40. C

    Can Someone Explain Non-English Text in This Image?

    Hi best regard to all This is my first post so forgive me in any mistakes. If some one can explain to me those parts marked in red rectangles? It taught it was more convenient to post picture than typing. It's from a book that is not in English so I cut out parts with words. Many thanks to...
  41. T

    Need Help with Level Translation for uC Input?

    Hello, I am in need of some form of "clamp" or level translation for an input to a uC. How can I prevent a signal from going beyond the VIH of the uC port? (approx 5.5vdc). The signal will be an ADC signal, so ideally the clamping circuit will not alter the adc input in any way. The...
  42. P

    Translation: God's heaven in my mother's eyes

    Hello, can anyone help me translate this into latin? i really need help and it is urgent. thanks, already.
  43. liometopum

    Combination of translation and spinning, not rolling

    All the texts and sites I can find discuss the rotational dynamics of pure rotation, pure translation, or a combination of an object rolling without slipping. I am trying to resolve some rotational dynamics regarding a spinning object that is moving linearly.. such as a planet in space or a tiny...
  44. S

    Rotation and Translation - wheel

    Homework Statement An exhausted bicyclist pedals somewhat erratically. The angular velocity of the front tire, as measured with respect to an axis fixed at the tire’s center, is given by omega (t)= (1/2)t - (1/4)sin (2t) for t >= 0 where t represents the time in seconds and omega (t) is...
  45. Goddar

    Vector calculus eq. needs translation

    Homework Statement Hi, this is not part of a problem but just an equation I'm having a hard time to decipher (for the reference the original one is in "Statistical Mechanics" by Pathria, eq. 3.7.16) We define: r = |r2–r1|, Where bold letters are vectors, and we basically integrate a function...
  46. F

    Frictional forces of car tires. Translation

    So assume a vehicle is undergoing translation in the forward direction on a flat surface, and the power is supplied to the rear wheels. Lets say the reaction force on the rear wheel is Nr, and on the front it's Nf U is the coeff. static friction, and there's no slipping. M is the mass G =...
  47. P

    Translation or parallel movts of vectors

    my teacher says that vectors can be translates which is fine... but homework can they be moved paralaly without couple acting on it//??
  48. N

    Planetary motions: translation, rotation, or both?

    Hello, Imagine two stars orbiting in circles around their center of mass. Is this movement generally called a translation, a rotation, or both? The concept of "revolution" is bothering me; is this always nothing but a rotation? Is a revolution a certain part of a rotation? A specific case...
  49. R

    Unit translation vectors, bcc structure

    Homework Statement Can someone please try to help me with this. I have a bcc structure and the question is ''Clearly indicate the unit translation vectors and state their value in Å. I have attached the sketch : http://img440.imageshack.us/img440/4879/picture3lh.jpg are those t1,t2,t3...
  50. M

    Question regarding RNA Translation

    Homework Statement Dear All, I have a question regarding RNA translation. Firstly, my book states that Amino-Acids are binded to tRNA through AA-Activation which is possible through ATP->AMP. The AA will then bind to the acceptor stem near 3' end. My question is: a) Each strand of...
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