What is Time: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience. Time is often referred to as a fourth dimension, along with three spatial dimensions.Time has long been an important subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars.
Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems.Time in physics is operationally defined as "what a clock reads".The physical nature of time is addressed by general relativity with respect to events in space-time. Examples of events are the collision of two particles, the explosion of a supernova, or the arrival of a rocket ship. Every event can be assigned four numbers representing its time and position (the event's coordinates). However, the numerical values are different for different observers. In general relativity, the question of what time it is now only has meaning relative to a particular observer. Distance and time are intimately related and the time required for light to travel a specific distance is the same for all observers, as first publicly demonstrated by Michelson and Morley. General relativity does not address the nature of time for extremely small intervals where quantum mechanics holds. At this time, there is no generally accepted theory of quantum general relativity. Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units (SI) and International System of Quantities. The SI base unit of time is the second. Time is used to define other quantities – such as velocity – so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. To describe observations of an event, a location (position in space) and time are typically noted.
The operational definition of time does not address what the fundamental nature of it is. It does not address why events can happen forward and backward in space, whereas events only happen in the forward progress of time. Investigations into the relationship between space and time led physicists to define the spacetime continuum. General relativity is the primary framework for understanding how spacetime works. Through advances in both theoretical and experimental investigations of space-time, it has been shown that time can be distorted and dilated, particularly at the edges of black holes.
Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value ("time is money") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans.
There are many systems for determining what time it is, including the Global Positioning System, other satellite systems, Coordinated Universal Time and mean solar time. In general, the numbers obtained from different time systems differ from one another.

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  1. greg_rack

    Time constant of a discharge RC circuit, capacity and charge

    So, the only thing which came to my mind in order to solve this problem was actually to write down the equations using the discharge function, being given two instants and their corresponding charges... but doing so I'm unable to find anything. Ideally, I'd say I should find the time constant...
  2. Chris Miller

    B Particle Horizon & Coformal Time Near c - Observer Effects

    How would an observer's particle horizon and coformal time be affected by her traveling at very near c (relative to the CMB), both in and opposite the direction of travel (ahead and behind)? Also, how would Hubble expansion be impacted in her frame of reference? (I apologize in advance for...
  3. K

    I Geodesics using 2 Variables: Time & Radius from Mass

    *Moving this thread from 'General Math Forum' to 'General Relativity Forum' in order to generate more discussion.* Any object will move through spacetime along its geodesic. Since mass bends spacetime, an object initially at rest near the mass will move towards the mass along a geodesic. It...
  4. G

    I Can Newtonian Gravity be Thought of as a Theory of Curved Time?

    Before I attempt to delve into the math of tensors and curved spacetime, I'm hoping to get a more general intuitive grasp of things. As such, I'm parsing through a lot of lower level articles on these topics, and several that I've come across have argued that Newtonian gravity can be thought of...
  5. J

    Express this trajectory in terms of proper time

    The object moves solely on the $x$-axis, hence I calculated its speed to be $v_x = \frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{c \kappa t}{\sqrt(1+\kappa ^{2} t^2$ Because its speed is not constant, I suppose the Lorentz factor $\gamma = \gamma (t)$, and by plugging in the velocity, I obtain $\gamma = \sqrt(1+ \kappa...
  6. Mayan Fung

    Solving time dependent Hamiltonian

    What I have tried is a completing square in the Hamiltonian so that $$\hat{H} = \frac{\hat{p}^2}{2} + \frac{(\hat{q}+\alpha(t))^2}{2} - \frac{(\alpha(t))^2}{2}$$ I treat ##t## is just a parameter and then I can construct the eigenfunctions and the energy eigenvalues by just referring to a...
  7. Hamiltonian

    Velocity of a cart moving in the rain as a function of time

    At time t = 0, the mass of the cart is ##M_0## and velocity is ##v_0## in a time interval ##dt## let a mass of ##dm## be added to the cart due to the pouring water and let the reduction in speed be ##dv## ##\lambda = dm/dt## applying conservation of momentum from the ground frame gives $$M_0...
  8. G

    I Do you accelerate through time when you stand still on Earth?

    Disclaimer: I'm not actually sure which acceleration is proper and which is coordinate, and I can't recall the source for the half-remembered equation. I spent some time going through my bookmarks, but it was to no avail. Sorry about that. So, general relativity removes the idea of gravity as...
  9. Nick tringali

    B Near the speed of light time slows down but not at everyday speeds?

    Hello, just some general questions I have been thinking about 1. So as you approach the speed of light time slows down, but why not at everyday speeds like walking around? I know people are going to say time slowing down only matters at extremely high speeds. However, shouldn't time dilation...
  10. U

    I Length Contraction & Time Dilation: Proving It

    I have been able to prove to myself that, based on Einstein's two postulates and the the Pythagorean theorem, that time dilates. From here how do I prove that length contracts? (All of this observing a frame that is moving relative to the proper frame at uniform velocity.)
  11. T

    B On time dilation and length contraction

    Hello there.About time dilation, could we provide a derivative of time in relation to one of the coordinates of the manifold we have taking time as a function and get something as a result?Or its integral?And about time dilation we have the formula that gives it between two clocks and an...
  12. PainterGuy

    Where is an ISR stored? Estimated time taken to address an interrupt

    Hi, I'd really appreciate it if you could help me with the queries below. I think that the quoted text below at the bottom is a very simplified way of describing what happens when an interrupt happens. I believe that in reality the process would be more complex. The processor needs to store...
  13. D

    Is time real (in a physical sense)?

    As in, is it a physical quantity/parameter like mass or is it a descriptive name that we give to the flow of dynamic processes? This is not a theory or idea, just a question that I feel compelled to ask after reading an article that claims that a study shows that time travel would be possible...
  14. Isaac0427

    I Modeling Thermal Equilibrium in Interacting Einstein Solids: A Python Approach

    When I learned about Einstein solids in thermal physics, we assumed the fundamental assumption of statistical mechanics. For two interacting Einstein solids, I completely understand why this is valid after a considerable amount of time has passed. But, how can we model these solids as they get...
  15. V

    I Supernova 100,000 Light Years Away: Agree on Time?

    If on Earth we detect the light from a supernova 100,000 light years away, we can say that the supernova happened 100,000 years ago (ignoring any dust etc. that might slow down the light). However, would all observers agree that the event happened 100,000 years ago? If a spaceship was traveling...
  16. rbh

    Linear motion, motorcyclist braking time

    I tried using equations listed above to get the answer, but I get stuck with a and Vi. What am I doing wrong? The answer is 6.7 seconds.
  17. Jarvis323

    New Idea/Twist for a Time Travel-Like Story

    I watched the movie Time-Lapse recently, which took an interesting approach to time travel. Instead of people/things traveling back in time, information is sent back in time (in the form of photographs). Like conventional time-travel, it still creates paradoxes. For example, if you change the...
  18. H

    B Is there a probability in QM that an event happens at time t?

    Hi PF, A(x,t) is the probability amplitude at time t that a particle is at x. If it was emitted at (0,0) the propagator gives its value. I wonder if QM can give the amplitude of time probability B(y,t) that an impact will occur (for a given y) at any t. consider a screen behind the two slits, it...
  19. J

    Radiative cooling time derivation (for ambient temperature = 0 °K)

    as T_∞ = 0 , I use Q=−F\epsilon A\sigma T^4 for this problem as the integration is much easier, so we start with mcdTdt=−F\epsilon A\sigma T^4 rearrange so T is on one side and t is on the other: −mcF\epsilon A\sigma T^4dT=dt on the left side I integrate from the initial temperature (Ti)...
  20. Vanilla Gorilla

    B Time Crystals & Spin: Engineering a New Reality?

    In 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Yao&action=edit&redlink=1 et al. proposed a different way to create discrete time crystals in spin systems. From there, Christopher Monroe and Mikhail Lukin independently confirmed this in their labs. Both experiments were published in...
  21. archaic

    Normally distributed student reaction time

    1) ##P(X>0.5)=P(Z>0)=0.5## 2) ##P(0.45<X<0.55)=P(X<0.55)-P(X<0.45)=P(Z<1)-P(Z<-1)\approx68\%## 3) ##P(X>x)=0.9\Leftrightarrow P(Z>\frac{x-0.5}{0.05})=0.9\Leftrightarrow1-P(Z\leq\frac{x-0.5}{0.05})=0.9\Leftrightarrow P(Z\leq\frac{x-0.5}{0.05})=0.1## I find that ##\frac{x-0.5}{0.05}=-1.28##, which...
  22. S

    B Demonstrating Time and Distance Effects of a Martian Signal

    Suppose the Martian sends a signal to Earth, the final flash of which is emitted exactly four minutes later than the initial flash. In that case, with a favorable position of the planets, the final flash on Earth will also be observed neatly 4 minutes later (and 4 light minutes further than at...
  23. A

    I What does it mean for a Lagrangian to have "explicit" time dependence?

    Suppose I had a Lagrangian $$L = q+ \dot{q}^2 + t.$$ This has explicit time dependence. Now consider another Lagrangian: $$L = q+ \dot{q}^2 .$$ Which has no explicit time dependence. But after solving for the equations of motion, I get $$\dot{q} = t/2 + C.$$ So I could now write my Lagrangian...
  24. Sunny Singh

    Relaxation time and average electron velocity in Drude model

    If τ is the relaxation time, τ means, on average the time between two collisions for an electron moving under a constant electric field inside a metal. Now according to the assumptions of drude model, the electron acquires an additional velocity of \frac{-eEt}{m}where t is the time elapsed since...
  25. E

    Finding time from a velocity vector

    I've looked it up online and someone did t=40−65=0.15(h) I was just wondering why they would subtract the velocities. Could something explain this to me please? thanks.
  26. Leo Liu

    I Why is a time varying force nonconservative?

    Can anyone please tell me why time varying force F is not conservative? That is, what makes a force not depending on the position nonconservative?
  27. E

    Required time and distance calculation of a shock wave

    I draw this picture in order to solve this problem. My first attempt was find the hypotenuse of the triangle and divide it by the speed of sound wave. d=a/sin(θ) d=4483.43m t=d/c=13.07 sec However, I am not sure whether I did it correctly or not... It looks the time is too big as an answer... I...
  28. M

    Trouble Understanding Phasor to Time Domain Conversion Math

    This is a problem about converting from the phasor to time domain. I am having trouble following the math that the textbook is doing. I was thinking the final answer should be: i(d, t) = 0.20 cos(ωt + βd + 159◦) - 0.091 cos(ωt − βd + 185.6◦) emphasize the minus 0.091 instead of plus 0.091 as...
  29. T

    Calculating Time with Forces Acting on a Block

    When drawing a diagram of the forces acting on the block, I have the following forces: $$\sum F_x = a_x = (g \sin\theta) \cos \theta .$$ Now, I can use the following kinematic equation $$x=vt+\frac{a_xt^2}{2}$$, where $$v=0$$ and $$a_x = (g \sin\theta) \cos \theta$$ $$\therefore \frac{2x}{t^2}...
  30. Drizy

    B Time Dilation: Orbit Earth at Light Speed, What Happens?

    I’m having quite a bit of trouble understanding time dilation. What will happen if you orbit the Earth close to the speed of light, 1 h passes for you and due to time dilation 2 h on earth. So what will happen when you look at Earth in that hour. Since time passes 2 times faster there will it...
  31. David Lewis

    B Einstein's Train: Light Travel Time Explained

    https://www.physicsforums.com/attachments/269029 Lightning strikes A and B simultaneously in the Embankment frame. M' sees the flash at B before the one at A. But if the flashes are simultaneous in the Train frame, does M' still see B before A?
  32. Drizy

    B Faster than speed of light due to time dilation?

    This probably has been asked before but i had a thought about the speed of light and time dilation. First off all i know the speed of light is constant and that it is the max speed anything can be but hear me out. So let's say a jet are traveling from point a to b in space with let's say 0,8c...
  33. Hamiltonian

    Proving that the total mechanical energy is conserved with time

    To prove: total mechanical energy is constant with time where ##E(t)## is the total mechanical energy and ##V(x(t))## is the potential energy of the object-system. $$E(t) = 1/2 mv^2 + V(x(t))$$ taking the the derivative of ##E(t)## with respect time should give 0. in the third step in the...
  34. danielhaish

    B Photon Energy Change: Speed of Light

    photos are in the speed of light which means that the fasts change in photons energy would take infinite time for the outside observer so does it means that the photons can't spin or interact with each other or have any kind of change
  35. X

    B Time Dilation & Length Contraction: Physics Explained

    So basically i know almost nothing about physics but i have this one curiosity and i hope you can help me ahah. For what i understand if you could move at the speed of light time would stop for you and you would see the whole universe age in a blink of an eye. But what if you could stand...
  36. T

    Do strategy games and real time strategy games improve brain function?

    Hi, just wanting to know the answer to this. What parts of the brain do playing these games stimulate? What effects do playing these games have on the brain? what brain functions do they improve or strengthen? more specifically I mean the games call to power 1 and/or empire Earth 1. Note that i...
  37. Annindita94

    I Cooling Time for Air Conditioning

    Please advise for cooling time on air conditioning. I have a project and customer asked me to make a comparison between their requirement and my proposal. And here's the result. Let's say that we provide a room with same capacity as above, function, delta T, load on that room, but ONLY air...
  38. aspodkfpo

    Change in radius over time for a spherical ball formula

    Algebra in this answer does not seem to flow right. Firstly, the 16, secondly the n term. Can someone explain or show me the right answer?
  39. Amit1011

    Why am I getting this weird equation between angle and time?

    I tried solving this, the equation coming up is given by: θ≈4 cot^(-1)(e^(-3.1305 sqrt(1/R) t)). However, this is not correct as can be seen when plotted: enter image description here Can somebody please let me know, why is this equation not valid.?
  40. thegroundhog

    B Time Direction: Exploring Quantum Physics & Cosmology

    I've seen a lot of Youtube clips and listened to podcasts recently on cosmology and quantum physics and something that has come up frequently that I don't understand is descriptions of time. Specifically Sean Carroll on various podcasts and Carlos Ravelli (when he finally got to the point). 1...
  41. P

    How does the velocity of a ball change without buoyant force acting on it?

    So my doubt is at the beginning of the problems hey are saying that the ball obeys stokes law and on the latter part of the question they are saying that no buoyant force is acting then how does the velocity of the ball change in the end? Also what is the use of specifying 'the ball never...
  42. aspodkfpo

    Energy loss in simple harmonic motion causes the time period to shorten?

    https://www.asi.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ASOEsolns2012.pdf Q11 D) Markers comments: Few students reached part (d) and very few of those who did realized that the amplitude does affect the time taken for each of Mordred’s bounces. i.e. the energy losses results in shorter periods...
  43. H

    I Understanding Time Crystals: A Beginner's Guide

    Just read an article about time crystals. I understand regular crystals vary in a routine fashion through space but are unchanged over time. Time crystals apparently change periodically over time. I tried the usual googling but my brain has nowhere to put this. Can someone dumb this down for me?
  44. K

    I What Is Objective Universal Time and How Does It Conflict with Relativity?

    In the thread is-the-small-world-uncertain-or-is-that-our-perception @mitchell porter said: Can someone explain what "objective universal time" is and what it means for it to conflict with the "spirit of relativity"? Is this an aspect of interpretation where you could describe all events using...
  45. aspodkfpo

    Average speed with constant acceleration over a period of time

    Say that we have an instance where something falls down from a certain height with constant acceleration g. We know that the average speed with regards to the time period is less than (u+v)/2 since we spend less time at the higher speeds. How do we actually calculate the average speed over a...
  46. Lars1408

    B Time Dilation: Direction of Motion's Effect

    Earth moves through space in a certain direction at a certain speed. Moving faster slows down your clock while moving slower increases your clock. Does this mean that the direction your moving in has an effect on time dilation? In other words, if you move along with the earth’s initial speed...
  47. V

    I A question about time dilation

    OK this is a quote from the physics forum site - it is not mine. So the above quote says that there are two effects which alters the clock ticks, the GR effect and the SR effect for clocks aboard satellites. We all know that satellite are in free fall and for free fall there must be a steady...
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