What is Saturation: Definition and 166 Discussions

Oxygen saturation (symbol SO2) is a relative measure of the concentration of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium as a proportion of the maximal concentration that can be dissolved in that medium. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water. The standard unit of oxygen saturation is percent (%).
Oxygen saturation can be measured regionally and noninvasively. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) is commonly measured using pulse oximetry. Tissue saturation at peripheral scale can be measured using NIRS. This technique can be applied on both muscle and brain.

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  1. S

    Common emitter configuration for saturation mode

    i am beginner in transistors i can't understand common emitter configuration for saturation mode ,i am new in electronics and need help
  2. D

    Derivation of the equilibrium saturation ratio equation?

    Homework Statement S=1+(a/r)-(b/r^3) Homework Equations need to find r=sqrt(3b/a) and S=1+ sqrt((4a^3)/(27b))) from a derivation of the above formula in #1. The Attempt at a Solution 0=(3b/r^4) - (a/r^2)
  3. E

    Transistor in saturation region

    when transistor is operated in SATURATED REGION , then for npn transistor BC junction becomes forward biased and holes will move from base to the collector, so more holes should be provided by the battery to the base terminal. So if this is the case then base current should increase . But when...
  4. S

    What causes device saturation in a BJT?

    Hi, I have a confusion with the saturation region of the transistor. Please help me out. It is commonly said that, the forward biased emitter-base junction and forward biased base- collector results in device saturation. Considering a PNP transistor as an example, forward biasing the...
  5. T

    Specific Heat of Liquid Saturation Line and Vapour Saturation Line in RefProp

    Hello There, So I made a plot of some specific heats in refprop, and I chose the "Draw Saturation Lines" option. When I did this, the follow chart was produced. http://i.imgur.com/h34Pq.png Now my question is, what are these saturation lines representing? -TP
  6. Femme_physics

    Transistor at cutoff, conductance, or saturation?

    Hi everyone, took a bit of a break lately...but with 6 days left to the final test of electronics, I figured I'd clear up some understandings I have Homework Statement http://img225.imageshack.us/img225/4474/vbbreversed.jpg I'm asked if the VBB potentials are flipped, at what condition will...
  7. S

    Why is temperature & pressure constrained in a saturation state?

    Given the 4 main properties - Temperature, Pressure, Volume & Internal Energy (with the others derived from these), is is such that in a saturation state, temperature & pressure are constrained, such that, e.g., saturated water & steam (and any quality in between) at a particular temperature...
  8. P

    Oil Formation Volume Factor at saturation conditions

    \check{}Homework Statement Given the following data I need to find the oil formation volume factor at the saturation conditions; A single flash separation of Angolan reservoir oil gave a stabilised (for stock tank) oil gravity of 37.19’ API and a gas gravity of 1.015. The GOR (gas oil...
  9. C

    Calculating Saturation Vapor Pressure?

    I'm trying to find the equations or diagrams for two types of Saturation Vapor Pressures: 1) Pw = Saturation vapor pressure at water temperature 2) Pa = Saturation vapor pressure at air dew point My solution: Relative humidity = (saturation vapour pressure at dew point)/( saturation...
  10. N

    Basic question: What is amplifier saturation?

    Hi all, I'm confused about saturation and cut-off. I've heard it described a few ways. Here is a very basic description of them. Explanation 1. Saturation occurs above the maximum input voltage within the linear range of the amplifier. Cut-off occurs at below the minimim...
  11. dexterdev

    A doubt regarding saturation mode of BJT

    Hi all, I have a doubt regarding saturation mode of BJT. Saturation occurs when both emitter-base junction and base-collector junction gets forward biased. For forward biasing a silicon p-n junction only 0.7V is needed. So is for emitter-base junction. But not for base-collector junction...
  12. S

    Determining the saturation current

    Hello all, I have a GaAs LED, and I want to determine the saturation current. I have numerous points from 0.5V-2.9V, with currents of 0.1uA-50mA. I have plotted it on semi-log paper, however, the only linear segment is from 1uA-5000uA, and then it begins to curve downwards. I used the linear...
  13. X

    Phase diagram H2O saturation pressure

    Homework Statement Suppose 2 kg of H2O at 200 C and 300 kPa are contained in a weighted piston cylinder assembly. As a result of heating at constant pressure, the temperature of the H2O increases to 400 C. Determine the change in volume, the change in internal energy, and the change in...
  14. S

    Reverse Saturation Current ,Is Formula

    Homework Statement I am work on VLSI study currently and I am having problem in the static power consumption. Homework Equations I have an equation here, I= Is [e^qv/kt - 1] and I just wish to know is there any formula for calculation the Is. The Attempt at a Solution
  15. G

    Help please -- Li saturation absorption spectroscopy

    Dear PF, I'm a graduate student working in an ultracold atomic phys lab. We're trying to build a new machine with Li6 as one of the components, but in order to cool it we need to do saturation absorption spectroscopy on a separate stand-alone cell in order to tell our lasers what frequencies...
  16. N

    Confused about transistor saturation region

    Confused about transistor "saturation" region I don't understand why the saturation region is called the saturation region. Take a look at the graph below: According to that graph, the "saturation" region is where the current changes most rapidly, which is the exact opposite of the...
  17. R

    Saturation Current Calc: NA, ND, μp, μn, τp, τn for Si p-n Junction

    Homework Statement NA=1016 cm-3, ND=1017 cm-3, μp=260 cm2/V·s, μn=1100 cm2/V·s, τp=8*10-7 s, τn=2*10-6 s is given for a silicon pn junction. Assume ni=1010 cm-3 and εSi=1.04*10-12 F/cm. Calculate the saturation current Is for a junction area of A=0.1 mm2. Homework Equations i found...
  18. P

    Help Needed on Magnetism: Saturation, Coercivity and Energy Stored!

    Urgent Help Needed on Saturation, Coercivity and Energy Stored in a magnetic field! Hi guys, I'm applying to university to study Natural Science and the deadline to apply is Friday. In my application it's crucial I demonstrate extra ability and I thought of using a recent idea I had when...
  19. T

    B and H field concept question (saturation)

    Hi there! I need some help in understanding the relationship between B and H fields and their "physical" meaning (helps me visualize problems). I'll try to be as clear as possible about my current knowledge and my questions: "Fields" do not exist, they are just a mathematical...
  20. S

    Using MOSFET in Saturation (as a switch)

    I'm trying to learn about MOSFETs in order to use them as a switch. (note: this is not a homework/school question). On my breadboard, I have the following circuit hooked up: I vary the gate voltage using a potentiometer. Here is what confuses me: according to wikipedia, the MOSFET is in...
  21. K

    Saturation chemical potential- what is it?

    hi there first excuse me for my poor english! can anyone explane what the hell is the 'saturation chemical potential'?! and how can i get it? thanks guys
  22. J

    Thermodynamic Ethanol Saturation

    I am doing a project and this is a problem were are having: We are trying to calibrate a MQ-3 sensor with an arduino uno board, however we have to do a hand calculation to arrive at the theoretical ethanol content (amount of ethanol saturated in the air) before we can calibrate the sensor...
  23. J

    Thermodynamic Ethanol Saturation

    I am try to calibrate an MQ-3 sensor with and Arduino board. However, I need a little help with thermodynamics, I am using a container of alcohol which has a volume of 591.470 mL, only 100mL is filled with 100 proof (50%) alcohol. However I need to calibrate the sensor to the content of...
  24. M

    Saturation pressure of vapor in air

    If you consider an air - water vapor mixture, total pressure of the mixture consists of water vapor pressure and air pressure. Does saturation pressure of water vapor change if the total pressure (air pressure) is changed. Regards, Mike
  25. S

    MOSFET output current limited by Inductor Saturation current?

    So the MOSFET's output current in a simple buck converter with a PWm a driver and a MOSFET and LC circuit. The Inductor's saturation or Irms current limits the MOSFET's current output, correct? I heard that if it exceeds saturation current that the MOSFETs could be damaged. is this true...
  26. D

    Al3+ Concentration at pH 7 from AlCl3 Addition to Distilled Water

    1. What is the saturated [Al3+] concentration at pH7 made by the addition of AlCl3 to distilled water? 2. AlCl3<-->Al3++3Cl- 3H2O<-->3H++3OH- Kw=1x10-14 Al3++3OH-<-->Al(OH)3 Ksp=3x10-34 3. I'm familiar with this type of problem, but not the way in which it's being asked. I...
  27. G01

    Why Does Inhomogeneous Media Saturate More Slowly in Laser Technology?

    Hello All, I'm going through some lecture notes from a course on Lasers, and have come across something that is confusing me. In homogeneously broadened media, the gain coefficient depends on (1-I/I_s)^{-1}. where I_s is the saturation intensity. However, in an homogeneously broadened media...
  28. stevenb

    Is there a shorthand notation for the operation of saturation

    I'd like to know if there is an accepted shorthand mathematical notation for the operation of saturation. Saturation basically means to take the output of any functional operation (or operator) and subject the final answer to limits. For example, I might have the function y=2x, and might...
  29. E

    Saturation of water vapor in the atmosphere

    So I have a quick question about something I'm a bit confused on. I was under the impression that, unlike liquids, gasses become more saturated in COLDER temperatures, rather than warmer. My geology teacher told us that the WARMER it is in the atmosphere the easier it is for water vapor to...
  30. K

    Photo-electric effect-calculating the saturation current

    Got an exam soon, and a question came up in a past paper that I'm not too sure if my reasoning is right. If we have a lamp outputting 10W or 10J.s-1 and we do one photo-electric experiment with wavelength 150 nm and one with 300nm light, what will be the saturation current for each...
  31. D

    Transistor in saturation region problem

    I am having great trouble in understanding the operation of transistor in saturation region. This is how I understand the working of a transistor: In a bipolar junction transistor the width of base is very small therefore very small number of carrier undergo recombination inside base, whereas...
  32. A

    Amplifying reverse saturation current

    Forgive me for the noobish question, but here goes. My objective is to feed the reverse saturation current in a circuit into a DAQ device for detection. However I want to amplify it from the micro to milli or ampere range before doing so, due to DAQ specifications. I'm confused as to how...
  33. S

    Saturation of Y-Shaped Iron with Permanent Magnet

    Hi If we have a Y shape iron and we put a Permanent Magnet N pole at the bottom leg of the Y in such that it will saturate it. would the top ends of the Y also be saturated. what if instead of 2 we have 20 branches where flux can go. what is the saturation will be like at one branch? thx
  34. A

    Sudden Increase in Reverse Saturation Current: Exploring Breakdown Voltage

    why there is sudden increase in the small reverse saturation current at the breakdown voltage?...
  35. D

    Oxygen saturation in a sample.

    Homework Statement Knowing that the vapour pressure of water at 25 C is 24 mm Hg, that the oxygen composition of air is 20% v/v and that the solubility of oxygen in water is 31.6 mL/L, demonstrate that the 100% O2 (oxygen) saturation is 0.75 umol (micromoles) Homework Equations...
  36. S

    Better explanation of Radiative Transfer in Atmosphere especially with Saturation

    Re: the absorption & re-emission of long-wave radiation in the Earth's atmosphere. I thought it all made sense until I was trying to work out how to explain it better to others! So the Beer-Lambert equation describes the absorption at a given wavelength as exp(-k.z) where k is a constant...
  37. L

    Quantity of water in air at saturation

    Hi, I would like to know if somebod knows where I could find a corelation to calculate the quantity of water in air at saturation in g/m3. I know that many equations exist to calculate saturation pressure of water vapor in air as a function of temperature. Using one of these equations and an...
  38. C

    Bipolar Junction Transistor - Saturation

    Hello All, I have very basic questions with respect to what we mean when we say a Transistor is in "Saturation". As I have read almost everywhere, we need to Forward bias both the emitter-base junction and Collector-Base Junctions for transistor to go to Saturation. Before I post my...
  39. W

    Finding R for Ideal Op Amp to Avoid Saturation

    Homework Statement if the op amp satuates at +-14v, determne te the range of values of risitance R for which the op amp does not saturate. Assume the op amp is idal Homework Equations V-=V+ The Attempt at a Solution this is wa i have so far: (2-5/3)+(2-+14/R). not sure if it is...
  40. D

    Finding reverse saturation current.

    Homework Statement Hi, I have a problem to find the reverse saturation current for a piece of diode. I have a question - given conductivity, a I-V curve with forward bias information (a table of I vs V values), how can i proceed? I have other information abt the diode such as its mobility...
  41. S

    Signal to noise ratio/CCD saturation problem

    Homework Statement A 4m telescope has a 16bit controllr with a gain of 1 and must detect faint stars(M>15) without saturating the bright stars(M=8-10). (i) What is the max no of photo-electrons that can be registered before saturating the CCD? (ii) The zero point of the system is...
  42. S

    PNP transistor saturation voltage

    Hi, Anyone here can tell me how to control the saturation voltage of a pnp transistor? I was actually doing a project and my design using a pnp transistor to energize a 5V relay.Since I am using 5V supply,I can't afford to drop too much voltage at VCE of the transistor. The design was...
  43. Pythagorean

    Can Ferromagnetism Be Proven in Trapped Air?

    Is it possible to saturate an air core? Would you have to trap the air for this to work. Are domains a meaningless concept in a fluid, even if it's trapped? (i.e. it can still circulate in it's 'prison').
  44. ╔(σ_σ)╝

    Op-Amp Saturation: Why Use an Op-Amp with 15V Supply?

    I have been studying op-amps in my 2nd year circuits class and I had a question to ask. From what I understand the output voltage is supposed to be < power supply voltage. If this is the case, why do we use op-amps ? I mean if I have 15V and I need to power something why can't I just...
  45. I

    Determining Ideality Factor and Reverse Saturation Current

    Homework Statement Ideality factor and reverse saturation current http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_h90yJnbZXIE/SfMcs8FCF8I/AAAAAAAAAFk/dJ7cnqLGntk/s1600-h/circuit_fordiodeparameterextraction.JPG Use the circuit above to determine the I-V characteristic over 3 decades of current from 0.01 mA to 10...
  46. C

    Fractional Saturation of Hemoglobin

    Homework Statement Calculate fractional saturation (YO2) for hemoglobin at venous O2 pressure (30 torr). Assume that p50 for hemoglobin is 26 torr, Hill constant is 3. Homework Equations YO2/1-YO2=(pO2/p50)^n The Attempt at a Solution (30/26)^3=1.54=(YO2/1-YO2)= 1.54 -...
  47. K

    Gain saturation in EDFA amplifiers

    Hi, Why for arbitrary high input power the gain saturates in EDFA (erbium-doped fiber amplifer)?
  48. M

    Understanding CT and VT Saturation Effects

    Can anyone explain why a CT would be subject to flux saturation, but a VT normally wouldn't?
  49. J

    Vapor Pressure Saturation in Air Collection: Estimating Water Vapor Mass

    Homework Statement "Suppose you were to collect 1.0 L air by passing it slowly thorugh water at 20C and into a container. estimate the mass of water vapor in the collect air, assuming that the air is saturated." I don't know where to even begin. at first i thought it had something to do...
  50. R

    I want to calculate degree of saturation of a brine with SG and temp known

    I want to measure salt brines. I can measure specific gravity and degrees Fahrenheit. I need a formula into which I can insert the two measured values and resolve to get the degree of saturation of my brine. I can't find a formula, so I'm not sure a formula exists, but I can't understand why...
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