What is Saturation: Definition and 166 Discussions

Oxygen saturation (symbol SO2) is a relative measure of the concentration of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium as a proportion of the maximal concentration that can be dissolved in that medium. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water. The standard unit of oxygen saturation is percent (%).
Oxygen saturation can be measured regionally and noninvasively. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) is commonly measured using pulse oximetry. Tissue saturation at peripheral scale can be measured using NIRS. This technique can be applied on both muscle and brain.

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  1. DeldotB

    Diode Equation and Saturation Current

    Good day all: For the diode equation: I(V)=I_{sat}e^{\frac{Ve}{nKT}}-I_{sat} I also know that the second term in the equation is negligible if: V> > nV_{T} Vt is thermal voltage n is ...just a factor related to the quality of the material I have these initial conditions: V> 0.1V\, \, \...
  2. H

    What is the behavior of magnetic saturation in 2-D?

    Dear all, I have a question about magnetic saturation and I can't find any sources addressing my questions. I am relatively familiar with magnetic saturation and that the relative permeability of highly saturated iron becomes rather small. There are numerous sources with figures showing...
  3. G

    How we can physically imagine transistor saturation current?

    Hello. I've known that saturation current occurs when VCE is less than VBE, which means, the base-emitter is forward-biased and so it is for collector-base. For NPN transistor, electrons from emitter (majority carrier of emitter) is able to go up to only base, no further travels into emitter...
  4. 1

    What is saturation in terms of wavelength?

    could it be possible, to make a, for example, and lens that has a special texture, or colour and putting it on would make the pictures more saturated? or maybe make a pair of glasses for people who can't produce as much cones as others? my questions is because i can't really think of it, but...
  5. T

    What Happens When a Transformer Core Reaches Saturation?

    Over the years I've learned a lot about TXs etc. But I'm a bit rusty. Any thoughts on general reminders about core saturation. I know there are huge issues, but the specifics I can't remember that well. I vaguely remember hearing something like when there is a DC component on a transformer the...
  6. M

    How to calculate saturation magnetisation in GMR effect?

    Homework Statement Hello everyone. This is my first post. I'm working now on my laboratory report from GMR effect. I have to calculate the antiferromagnetic coupling for my multilayers. I have only resistance versus magnetic field graphs. Homework Equations I want to use the equation...
  7. U

    Interplay of saturation temperature and pressure

    So we were discussing an interesting situation at school today. Say we have a room at 1atm pressure, 25C temperature and relative humidity 90%. So from charts we can find what the saturation pressure of water vapor is at 25C. That number multiplied by 0.9 (because of the 90% RH) will give us...
  8. K

    Determine the reverse saturation current for the diode

    Determine the reverse saturation current for the diode below, given that VS = 5V, R = 360Ω produces a diode current of 10mA. Use h = 1.3 and VT = kT/q = 25mV. I believe this is the formula needed. Id = Is(e^(VD/(h*25mV))-1) The problem I had was I've done several questions similar to this but...
  9. U

    What is the equation for saturation intensity in terms of input intensity?

    Homework Statement [/B] (a) Why does input intensity affect gain? (b) Derive the expression (c) Find saturation intensity in terms of input intensity Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Part(a) Consider a narrow band radiation as an input, where its bandwidth is much smaller than...
  10. L

    Reverse Saturation Current in P-N Junction

    Homework Statement An abrupt Si p-n junction of cross sectional area 10-4cm-2 has the following properties: p side: number densities of acceptor impurity atoms: NA = 1017cm-3 minority carrier lifetime: τn = 0.1 us hole mobility: μp = 200cm2/Vs electron mobility: μn = 700cm2/Vs n side...
  11. T

    Flux Direction effect on Saturation, Quick Question

    Hi, If you've got an arbitary magnetic Flux1 and Flux2, traveling in the same or opposite directions, through a core, it doesn't matter with regards to the point on the saturation curve does it? Opposing or in the same direction it'll still be at the same point on the mag curve won't it?Thanks...
  12. Safinaz

    The vacuum saturation approximation

    Hi all, I'd like to ask about " the vacuum saturation approximation " in a calculation as the decay width of ## B \to l \nu ## [hep-ph/0306037v2] equ. 1 till equ. 4, that why ## < 0 | \bar{u} \gamma_\mu b | B > ~ and ~ < 0 | \bar{u} b | B > = 0 ## ? and for ## [ \bar{l} \gamma^\mu...
  13. E

    Variation of saturation photocurrent with intensity

    1. In photoelectric experiment, if anode potential w.r.t. cathode is increased, photocurrent first increases then becomes a constant, since all the photoelctorns ejected from cathode are collected at anode. If we increase the intensity of light at this point, the 'saturation current' increases...
  14. CKaiL

    How to find the density of collector saturation current?

    Homework Statement Given the following formula for saturation current Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I am able to find the value for Dn , q , WB , ni and N AB except for the A(cross sectional area)
  15. M

    Moving up to dew point and saturation line

    Hi, If we start humidifying an unsaturated air for some dry-bulb temperature, can we move up to dew point for that processes also moving up to saturation line? In other words, Can we make a process in which process line goes up with 90 degrees up to saturation line? Thank you.
  16. S

    N-P-N Transistor in Saturation Mode

    I don't understand the condition of saturation in an npn transistor (common emitter config). My textbook says that the collector-emitter voltage reduces to near zero upon increasing input voltage. Also, Wikipedia says that both BE and CE junctions 'become' forward biased. Can anyone please...
  17. S

    Why Does Saturation Need Undisolved Solute?

    Homework Statement Why is the presence of undissolved solute necessary for the solution to be considered saturated? Homework Equations N/A The Attempt at a Solution Why can't there just be a saturated solution with no "excess" solute? For example, why can't there be a point od...
  18. T

    Designing Inductor, need you worry about saturation?

    Hi, I'm just wondering (theoretically), about calculating magnetic opperating point for an inductor. Say permetivitty mu is 'u', N turns, A area, l is length: Inductance L = u.N2.A / l Then do you need to worry about saturation? Or can you just wrap as many turns around it as you want for a...
  19. T

    Termodynamics: saturation pressure vs total air pressure

    Hi! I have a question. The experiment goes like this. i hermetically close air and chloroform at standard pressure. now i want to calculate the end pressure of gas mixture after chloroform vapor gets saturated. is it as simple as adding up the chloroform saturated pressure to the starting air...
  20. ChrisVer

    Saturation Intensity and Power

    Hi, I am not sure if this is an easy question, but I've been looking around and I haven't been able to find some exact equation to this. I performed an experiment where I allowed for a laser beam to go through a cell (of Rubidium-85 and 87) and got the resulting spectrum. The initial [100%]...
  21. T

    Saturation current on photoelectric effect

    From the post https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/photoelectric-effect-saturation-current.720506/ and http://www.thephysicsforum.com/quantum-physics/3921-photoelectric-current-dependence-potential-difference.html I have some idea on why does a higher potential different will not increase the...
  22. R

    Carrier flow in BJT when saturated

    I would like to know how carriers flow in a bipolar junction transistor when working in saturation mode. Normally, electrons would flow from the emitter to the base. Then, from the base, some recombine with holes nad leave, forming the base current, and the others (the majority) diffuse in the...
  23. Piyush Gupta

    MOSFET input Voltage for saturation region

    I'm trying to solve for the minimum vIN such that MOSFET is in the saturation region. Here are the given parameters VS+ = 1.0 V VS- = - 1.0 V VT = 0.5 V In order to enter saturation I know that VDS > VGS - VT VGS = VIN - VS- VDS = Vs+ - Vs-, which is 2 V Which means 2V > VIN - VS- - VT 2V...
  24. J

    Flywheel Saturation Tests: NASA Guidelines

    Are there existing tests that NASA specifies that determines the saturation point of a fly wheel? Or must the test be catered specifically to each individual flywheel? -Sorry I'm a bit of a newbie at Aersospace engineering!
  25. M

    Why Is the BJT's Active Region Called Saturation When Ic Remains Constant?

    From the output characteristics of a BJT, it is observable that in the active region, the collector current becomes constant or independent of collector emitter voltage. So, in true terms, it is saturation, then why do we call it the active region? Also, we have the equation:- Ic = (Vcc –...
  26. ranju

    Drawing the DC Load Line: Exploring Saturation and Cutoff Points

    while drawing the dc load line , , we take VCE = 0 and mark it as saturation point but but in saturation state VCE is very small but not zero..! I actually want to make clear that whether its a fact or is it just an assumption to find out saturation point..?? similarly for the cutoff point we...
  27. meenu

    Reverse saturation current in zener diode

    What is the order of the reverse saturation current before breakdown in a zener diode ?
  28. P

    Spectroscopy technique for detecting water saturation front in polymer

    Hello all, I am a grad student in materials science. As part of a research project, I need to measure/detect the velocity of a water saturation front moving through polymers (a few materials, most fluoro/perfluoropolymers). The ultimate goal of the project is to determine the permeability of...
  29. R

    Calculating the saturation magnetic moment (Condensed Matter)

    Show that the experimental data are consistent with a Lande g factor of 2 for each of the ions by calculating the saturation magnetic moment. Explain what this means for Cr. I've calculated J using Hunds rules and have the equation M = gμJn, where M is the saturation magnetic moment. BUT...
  30. Ivan Seeking

    Is CNN's Strategy of Intensive Single-Story Coverage Effective?

    Anyone who tunes into CNN from to time as I do couldn't avoid noticing that they covered nothing but the downed flight 370 story all day, every day, for most of a month. I kept wondering what in the world they were doing. How much talk of pingers and pinger locators can a person really watch...
  31. Alpharup

    Saturation region of transistor

    Let us consider an npn transistor. The emitter is grounded and the transistor is operating in CE mode. Consider that the region of operation is saturation mode. My teacher asks us to consider that Voltage between collector and emitter is 0.2 V, that is, Vce=0.2 V. I have read a few posts in...
  32. P

    Operational Amplifiers - Saturation

    I am an A level physics student. I have a doubt regarding the saturation of op-amps. For a circuit with a dual power supply, each supply has an emf VS. My doubt is, why is the MAXIMUM magnitude of the output voltage VS? Shouldn't it be VS - (- VS) = 2VS? (Since the potential difference is the...
  33. R

    Evaporation questions about saturation pressure

    Hello I have a few fundamental questions about evaporation 1. In Cengel's Heat and Mass Transfer, in all sample and practice problems the author assumed without explanation that for a system such as a pool of water exposed to air, the air immediately above the liquid surface is saturated (100%...
  34. J

    Transformers : flux leakage and saturation current

    Can anyone explain why saturation current and flux leakage are not related? saturation current = current where all the magnetic domains are aligned right? flux leakage = flux from the primary that doesn't reach the 2ndary can someone also explain why, flux leakage causes a increase in...
  35. E

    Photoelectric Effect Saturation Current

    Hello all, I have been searching the internet for quite some time now, and have been unsuccessful in finding some article that will explain WHY there is a saturation current. All I have found is the definition of the saturation current. I don't understand why the current becomes constant as...
  36. J

    Core saturation in transformers

    Hello, I am currently working with mono phase transformers. I would like to know if there is an equation to calculate the voltage when the core saturates so I can compare with my practical results with. Thank you very much João
  37. JJBladester

    What is the meaning of op-amp saturation and how is it measured?

    Homework Statement What exactly is op-amp saturation? Homework Equations V_{out}=A_{v}V_{in} The Attempt at a Solution I am doing a lab where we use an LM339A quad voltage comparator and a voltage divider network to create a voltmeter. A single red LED is connected to each of...
  38. V

    Why Does Ammonium Sulfate Saturation in Supernatant Vary Among Different Groups?

    Homework Statement If all students start with the same amount of 10,000 x g supernatant, and after different groups of students have done their 40-65% ammonium sulfate cut, their results tend to vary greatly. What are likely reasons for this variance? Homework Equations None. The...
  39. S

    Why Is Saturation Mode Preferred for Biasing MOSFETs?

    Hi Why do we always bias a mosfet in Saturation mode? Is it becaus gm is more in saturation or is it because gm is more linear in saturation? Thanks Salil
  40. M

    Need Help Understanding Transistor Theory: Saturation Region

    I'm self learning electronics and trying to wrap my head around its characteristics. I was looking at this source. Regarding the active and saturation region graph interpretation on that page, I would like to confirm if my thinking is correct. From that graph, it states that the ratio...
  41. T

    Saturation region of a transistor

    I have not any clear idea about the saturation region of a transistor. Can anyone help me in detail? What parameter actually becomes saturated in this region? Why are both the junctions becomes forward biased? Is it possible to widen this region for a particular transistor?
  42. P

    How is saturation pressure different than vapor pressure?

    I think I understand, but I want to make sure. The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure of the substance evaporating/sublimating at a given temperature and can be calculated using the Antoine Equation. This must be measured at the interface of the substance and atmosphere, or if the...
  43. S

    Transistor load and saturation problem

    Homework Statement consider the following circuit: a) Determine the value of the resistor, R so that a current of 0.5 A flows through the load. b) What is the maximum value of th load resistor? c) If the load resistor is 10Ω, what value of VB will put the transistor into saturation? Homework...
  44. K

    Finding saturation range for an opamp?

    Homework Statement This isn't necessarily a direct homework problem that I have, but it is brought up a few times in homework problems for the chapter I'm reading through in my circuits book.. It will ask me if a certain voltage exceeds the saturation (or in other problems, at what value of...
  45. M

    Why does op amp saturation occur below supply voltage?

    I built an inverting op amp circuit on a circuit simulator and did a transient analysis on it. I set the gain such that I expected a clipped output, but to my surprise it got clipped at +9V and -9V instead of +10V and -10V, which were the voltages supplied to the op amp. So why would this be the...
  46. L

    Inductor saturation due to high dv/dt

    I have a buck regulator running hot. I reduced the switching frequency and the temperature is almost normal. The current rating of the inductor is high(2A) compared to current consumption on the board (300mA). Why does reducing the switching frequency solve the heat problem? Does the...
  47. T

    Why does saturation of a ferromagnetic result in non-sinusoidal current?

    Hello... I have a question: Physically why when a ferromagnetic is saturated the current is non-sinusoidal ( I'm taking the example of the magnetising current of a transformer). I know graphically and mathemeticalty why( from the hysteresis loop) but In reality what happens(I'm talking about...
  48. D

    Pinch-Off and Saturation Of MOSFET

    Hi, I don't understand pinch-off in MOSFETS. I have two big issues: 1. VDS is pointing from drain to source, so the voltage works in the horizontal plane.VGS on the other hand,is in the vertical plane. So how they can cooperate? How does increasing VDS till VGS - VTh get you in...
  49. L

    Designing a BJT Switch for Vce Saturation

    How do you design a BJT switch to ensure it is (Vce) saturated.
  50. O

    Understanding Saturation Current in BJT Operation

    Saturation current of bjt is a reference for us to adjust current of collector? If we want to operate in active mode, then we have to adjust the current of collector to under saturation level? Thank you
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