What is Pressure: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.
Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and U.S. customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.

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  1. A

    How Do Hydraulic Systems Apply Pascal's Law?

    Homework Statement The large cylinder in a hydraulic press has 3 times the surface area of the small cylinder. What force should be applied to the small cylinder to create a lifting force of 7200 Newtons In a hydraulic-brake system, a force of 25 N can be applied to a surface area of 5 cm^2...
  2. Jonathan Scott

    A Pressure and Newtonian potential energy

    Recent discussions on pressure as a source of gravity and the related Tolman paradox have reminded me that few people seem to be aware that even in Newtonian gravity the pressure is related to the potential energy, which I've mentioned a few times on these forums before. This is easy to show...
  3. I

    Deriving the vapor pressure latent heat dependence

    Homework Statement There is a picture attached showing the entire problem. Equation 2.78 is the Clausius Clapeyron equation. Homework Equations Clausius Clayperon equation. L = L'T (since there is a linear dependence on temperature) The Attempt at a Solution $$ \frac{de_s}{dT} =...
  4. R

    Dynamic pressure variances in sealed and pressurised systems

    Hi Last did physics about 50 years ago but have become interested in how pressuried fluids behave in sealed containers when they are rapidly agitted or otherwise brought into motion. Envisage a large circular container with a central power driven agitator. Two cylinders are attached . The whole...
  5. J

    Thermodynamics help in finding Temp, Volume and Pressure

    Hey Guys! I need some help for solving question 2 of this example as my HSC exam is in 5 days and I want to be able to solve this question if I receive it on the paper. Question: Graph: Answer for Q1 (Just the formula) : Work I have done towards this question: I have realized that from...
  6. J

    Pressure, Volume, and Temperature at a Point in a Thermodynamic Cycle

    Homework Statement Question: https://imgur.com/a/8rUw1 Graph: https://imgur.com/a/Z1oBO Homework Equations Answer for Q1 (Just the formula) : https://imgur.com/a/uesqN The Attempt at a Solution I have realized that from 1-2, there is an increase in pressure, decrease in volume and increase...
  7. S

    Can a Model Accurately Simulate Pressure Variations in Tillage Tools?

    Hi all, I have just measured the pressure on a point of a tillage tool and the resulting signals is reported in the following link. In literature, tillage tool are modeled with a constant pressure, but i reality the pressure changes over time and I would like to model the pressure...
  8. longz

    Pressure loss to double wall pipe (ventilation)

    Hi every body, I need help to calculate the pressure drop to double wall pipe with information as below, i understand need calculate pressure loss to the straight pipe, elbows and supports but I don't know exactly how. - Fluid : air - Double wall pipe (stainless steel) with outer pipe...
  9. W

    Pressure between a membrane and a solid body

    I would like to understand this a bit better, so I am looking for a reference to refer to and not necessarily an explanation in a reply. I have a non-porous membrane of a compressible material wrapped around a solid body. I then draw out the air between the membrane and the solid body. I want...
  10. Greg Bernhardt

    Negative pressure in house after winterizing

    I sealed my attic door and a set of 3 old windows downstairs with plastic. When everything else is closed up the two sets of plastic become extremely tight and you can see/feel the pressure pushing the plastic into the house. Almost to the point of ripping the tape off holding the plastic. Today...
  11. P

    B Why is there no proton degeneracy pressure?

    Hello. I usually heard about electron degeneracy pressure and neutron degeneracy pressure. But I´ve never heard about a proton degeneracy pressure. Why is this?
  12. MathematicalPhysicist

    Partition Function at a Fixed Pressure

    Homework Statement I don't quite follow the solution to this problem (problem 2.11 in Bergersen's and Plischke's textbook), here are the quoted problem and its solution: problem: solution: Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution My problem is with the solution to (a), it seems they...
  13. K

    Why Does the Chain Rule in Thermodynamics Include a Negative Sign?

    I'm trying to understand why $$\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial T}\right)_V = -\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial V}\right)_T \left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T}\right)_P$$ where does the minus sign come from?
  14. G

    Calculating Liquid Pressure: Water and Mercury

    < Mentor Note -- thread moved to HH from the technical physics forums, so no HH Template is shown > Notes: Water density = 1000 kg/m3 Mercury density = 13600 kg/m3 g = 10 N/kg Hi all, please help on this questions. The attempt from me a) (0.7m)(1000kg/m3)(g) = (h)(13600kg/m3)(g) h = 0.0514m h...
  15. J

    Internal energy of an ideal gas as a function of pressure?

    Assuming all gases in the combustion reaction of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) behave ideally, what is the "exact" change in internal energy? The context in which this question is being asked is after a calorimetry experiment. For all the intents and purposes of calorimetry, the change in internal...
  16. A

    Troubleshooting Pressure Gauge Issues on Compressed Air Machines

    hi every body, I have a machine with compressed air. the problem is the pressure gauges is not working. and when I take the gauges into other compressed air line the pressure gauge work properly. why this happening ? I need your help
  17. M

    How to calculate pressure of a bulb in a system

    p1=Pa+(pgh) p2=p1+pgh Bulb A SG= 0.87 pressure = 200kn/m^2 Bulb B SG= 13.6
  18. F

    Atmospheric air pressure on the human body

    Hello, It is well known that the atmospheric air pressure is significantly strong but our body does not get crushed by it because and equal pressure pushes from the inside our body. That said, does it mean that air can exist and be diffused inside solid organs like the lungs, our heart, etc...
  19. Ron19932017

    I Pressure term in the energy stress tensor

    Hi all, I am reading Bernard Schutz's a first course in general relativity. In Chapter 4 it introduced the energy stress tensor in two ways: 1.) Dust grain 2.) Perfect fluid. The book defined the energy stress tensor for dust grain to be ## p⊗N ##, where ##p## is the 4 momentum for a single...
  20. J

    Calculating pressures from flow rate & pressure differential

    It seems there must be a way, but I cannot seem to wrap my head around it. Here's the scenario... I have a 24" line flowing with a wet gas (combustion flue gas) into a dryer. It comes in at 90 degrees F, at a rate of 180 SCF/M. It leaves the dryer at 73 degrees F at a rate of 124...
  21. B

    Pressure gradient along a streamline using CV analysis

    Homework Statement Use a CV analysis to show that an element of fluid along a streamline gives \[\partial p/\partial x=-\rho u\partial u/\partial x\] Homework Equations \[\sum F=\oint_{CS}^{ } \rho \overrightarrow{V}(\overrightarrow{V_{rel}}\cdot \overrightarrow{n})\] The Attempt at a...
  22. R

    Follow-up Question to: The Concept of Pressure in Bernoulli’

    I have been looking all over the net for answers for the unintuitive relationship between pressure and velocity in Bernoulli's equation and this thread (https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/the-concept-of-pressure-in-bernoullis-principle.585231/) answered most of my questions. I have one last...
  23. V

    How to make a customized pressure cooker?

    I just want to make a pressure cooker for rice cooking with variable liters on demand changing. Can you give me some ideas how to make it ?
  24. B

    Pressure increase required for 1 Joule of work

    Homework Statement Estimate the pressure increase required to impart one joule of mechanical work in reversibly compressing 1 mol of silver at room temperature. Same process for alumina. Homework Equations W=-PdV dV=V(alpha)dT-V(beta)dP dT=0 The Attempt at a Solution I used the work...
  25. A

    Reverse-acting proportional pressure controller

    Homework Statement [/B] A 5 to 20 bar reverse acting proportional pressure controller has an output of 4 to 20 mA. The set point is 11 bar. Determine: (a) the measured value pressure which gives an output of 15 mA when the proportional band setting of the controller is 40% (b) the proportional...
  26. A

    Why does lifting an IV bag increase pressure?

    I understand that you need to increase the pressure in an IV bag to overcome the pressure in a vein so fluid pumps into it. But why does lifting the bag at some height increase the pressure?
  27. J

    How much time would the Pressure of both tanks be Equal?

    Hello, I need help for my thesis project. Lets say We have two tanks. Tank 1 is filled with methane and Tank 2 is empty Tank 1: V = 30L T = 40C P = 40psi Tank 2: V = 20L T = 25C P = 14.7psi Two tanks are connected by a pipe with 2inch diameter (a valve in the middle is closed at first). Then...
  28. M

    Osmotic Pressure vs Vapor Pressure

    If I were asked to calculate the vapor pressure, and I calculated the osmotic pressure and converted it to mmHg, Would I get the right answer?
  29. K

    How does the capillary tube in refrigerators work?

    How does the capillary tube decrease the pressure on the liquid when its diameter is smaller? How small diameter of capillary tube is helpful in causing more pressure drop? And how, when pressure drops, the liquid instantly cools down?
  30. I

    Hydrostatic pressure (infinitesimally small column of water)

    This is a hypothetical question: since hydrostatic pressure is calculated as depth of water times its density, would a column of water less than a square foot in cross section still have a pressure at the bottom of depth*density of water? For example, if I had a 1" thick by 1ft wide by 5' tall...
  31. H

    Fluid Statics- u-tube displacement

    Homework Statement A uniform U-tube is partially filled with water (ρH20 = 1000 kg/m3). Oil, of density 750 kg/m3, is poured into the right arm until the water level in the left arm rises 30 mm. The length of the oil column is then: (Answer: 40mm) Homework Equations P = pgh Pressure = density...
  32. J

    Best Pressure Sensor for 125°C, 3 bar Environment: Options and Considerations

    I'm trying to find a small pressure sensor for an environment that will be between 1 and 3 bar absolute, 10 to 125°C, and 100% humidity. By small I mean a port that's no larger than about 1/4" (sorry for mixing unit systems). Ideally I'd like to have a digital interface but it's not critical...
  33. N

    How do you control an Electronic Butterfly Valve with PID

    The butterfly valve I have is controlled by sending voltages to it. It accepts 0-10V and maps a specific voltage to a specific position from completely closed (zero degrees) to completely closed (90 degrees). To clarify/reiterate it is not controlled by a servo motor. I am using this valve to...
  34. S

    Liquid temperature under pressure

    Hello, I have a question regarding bath pasteurising cider in bottles. The bottles are carbonated with CO2 and capped, I heat the water up to a temperature of 70deg.C I use a test bottle filled with water and with a cork in the top, I use this to monitor the temperature inside the bottle. So my...
  35. B

    Understanding Fluid Statics: Solving Gage Pressure Problems

    Homework Statement All over the place here so bare with me, I'll get the hang of it eventually. -----For these types of problems.. can you start at either the top of the tank or from point a? -----Given specific Gravity, you need gamma of the unknown fluid so you multiply it by the density...
  36. yecko

    Isentropic process (temperature and pressure relationship)

    Homework Statement for isentropic process, which of the following is true about the relationship of temperature and pressure? (1): P2/P1=(T2/T1)^[γ/(γ-1)] (2): P2/P1=(T2/T1)^[(γ-1)/γ] where γ = 1.4 for air Homework Equations stated above The Attempt at a Solution I have found equation (1)...
  37. yecko

    Specific heat at constant pressure formula help

    Homework Statement https://i.imgur.com/f2vSXtq.png Homework Equations https://i.imgur.com/Kjy1Tzh.png The Attempt at a Solution In this question, the pressure is different at different point, in other words it is not constant throughout the system. Why the solution use c(p) (or "enthalpy" h...
  38. R

    Size expansion vessel to reduce pressure loss

    Hi all, Given: I have a pressure vessel of 1000M^3 filled with water with 8 bar pressure. On this pressure vessel I have installed a valve and a expansion vessel on top of the pressure vessel. The expansion vessel is prepressurized to 8 bar as well. Question: when I open the valve i lose 20...
  39. A

    Pressure drop over double parallel system

    I have a system where pipes run 24l L/min of water @60 degrees through 3 manifolds and those manifolds distribute the water over 8 heat exchangers. Every heat exchanger requires 1 L/min, and has a resistance of about 1.333 KPa per heat exchanger at that flow (2 meter @ 9mm diameter + 2...
  40. T

    Relationship between the pressure gradient and mass flow of a gas

    Hi everyone, I would like to know how to calculate the diameter of a pipe when we know the desired mass flow, the gas type, and the pressure at both end. I have these requirements : Gas : O2 Molecular weight : 0.032 [kg / mol] Desired mass flow : 0.32 [kg / s] Pressure in the gas tank : p1 =...
  41. T

    Pore pressure at different point ( seepage in soil)

    Homework Statement I am not sure how to get Nd in this question ( circled part) I am not sure the exact location of the point where the author want to find the pore pressure . Can someone help ? This notes is confusing Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I think the Nd can be only...
  42. J

    Simple Gas Pressure Question - Combined Chambers Final Pressure

    Before anything, my apologies for offering such an elementary question about gas pressure. Any help would be appreciated. 1. Homework Statement There are two chambers. One is 100 L, containing air at a pressure of 200 kPa. The other, joined to it, is 10 L and contains air at a pressure of 20...
  43. T

    Pore pressure due to capillary rise

    Homework Statement Why there's no pore pressure due to capillary rise at point A and point D ? There's only pore pressure due to capillary rise at B .. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution i think the author is wrong . There's should be also ore pressure due to capillary rise at A and D...
  44. B

    Hydrualic pressure moving plug in pipe

    Homework Statement A plug with a given mass is placed in the end of a horizontal pipe to hold water at a given pressure behind it. Is there any way to calculate how far this plug would move in the x-axis if it suddenly lost it's grip against the pipe wall, and it was situated a given height...
  45. W

    How Does Specific Gravity Impact NPSH in Centrifugal Pumps?

    Head psa(suction surface pressure) = 2.31xP/specific gravity This is one of the factors to calc NPSH. Shows how much head is pushing liquid through the pump. What does the specific gravity have to do with surface pressure of a liquid before it goes into the pump? Isn't it just involving the...
  46. N

    Pressure at the center of an accelerating sphere

    Homework Statement Consider a glass sphere completely filled with water except for a small air bubble at 1 atmosphere. The sphere is accelerating to the right. What is the pressure at the center of the sphere? Let Pe = Atmospheric pressure r = radius of sphere pw = density of water a =...
  47. N

    Installing Chemical Storage Tank: Pressure of Liquid or Gas?

    Hello Forum, I'm looking to install a new chemical storage tank at my site. The tank itself is not rated for vacuum. We will have proper ventilation and nitrogen pumping into the tank to compensate when we are pumping out of the bottom. However, I do want to include a pressure transmitter on...
  48. D

    Pressure Halfway through a planet

    Homework Statement "In a galaxy far far away, a planet composed of an incompressible liquid of uniform mass density ρ has mass mplanet and radius R. Determine the pressure midway between the surface and the center of the planet." I used M=mass of planet, m=mass of shell, R=radius of planet...
  49. T

    Manometer finding absolute pressure at P1

    Homework Statement https://imgur.com/a/nxWvK this is the problem Homework Equations P=Patm + dgh The Attempt at a Solution I really just need to check if i did this right. I converted the densities to kg/m^3 and did p1= ((1121.689)(9.8)(.15) + ((1019.717)(9.8)(.04)) which gives 2048.61 Pa +...
  50. C

    I Does moisture escaping from powders decrease chamber vacuum?

    I'm drying some wet powders using vacuum oven and start seeing some condensation on the window after few minutes. The vacuum level stays pretty constant which puzzles me as i thought that the moisture escapes from the powder into the air will increase the chamber pressure or decrease the vacuum...
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