Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture, such as air, contains a variety of pure gases. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible, as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image.
The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention.
High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose gases or Fermi gases. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter see list of states of matter.
First of all I thought it was necessary to calculate the temperature(the only data missing for the formula) using the ideal gas equation(since I've already been given 'p' and 'V'), and plug it in the 'v' formula, but the problem immediately occurred when i tried to find out the number of...
Hi everyone,
even before addressing the following points I have a serious issue in understandig the text of the Exercise.My idea was to model this system with a lattice gas. Given that each site can host 2 atoms I have 3 possibilities for each site: I'll call'em ##S_{11} S_{00}## and ##...
In the early parts of the books, Mars' ambient atmo pressure (and temperature) was increased, including not just CO2, but oxygen as well.
It rose to the point where they only needed masks that let through oxygen but not CO2.
In my amateur view, I would expect that this would not work very...
In these lecture notes about statistical mechanics, page ##10##, we can see the graph below.
It represents the distribution (probability density function) of the kinetic energy ##E## (a random variable) of all the gas particles (i.e., ##E=\sum_{i}^{N} E_{i}##, where ##E_{i}## (also a random...
I expanded it as shown above and got
##<v²> + <\bar v²> - 2<v><\bar v>## = ##v_{rms}^2 + \bar v^2 = \frac {3kT} m+\frac {8kT} {πm}##
I used ##<v> = 0## as the velocity is equally likely to be positive as it's likely to be negetive.
From the above I get the answer ##\frac {kT} m(3+\frac 8...
A trial has commenced at Keele University in the UK where 20% Hydrogen is injected into the domestic gas supply. In this way it can be stored and then utilised by existing domestic burners. Can this be a quick solution to reducing domestic CO2 emissions? Or is it better to use battery storage...
How is it proved that Van Der Waals gas is a second order phase transition?
The second order derivative of the pressure (P ) with respect to volume ( V ) don't have a discontinuity ( except at point V = Nb , but the pressure is not existent for V<=Nb ). So how come Van der waals gas describes...
There is a physics event being organized in my college for which I had planned to make a muon detector. I have the circuit ready which brings 240 volts ac mains source down to 80 volts dc supply. But now, I am facing a serious problem. I have been unable to find a neon glow lamp.
Basically, mý...
This is the problem below that I have tried doing
I ended up getting the mass of gas ejected to be 1.25kg from doing the following
Would you say this is a reasonable value to get
Thanks in advance!
It looks more like a computational obstacle, but here we go.
Plugging all of these to the partition function:
$$Q = \frac{1}{N! h^{3N}} \int -\exp(\frac{1}{2m}(p^2_{r}+p^2_{\phi}/r^2+p^2_{z})+gz)d\Gamma=$$
$$= \frac{1}{N! h^{3N}} \int \exp{(\frac{-1}{2m}p^2_{r})}dp_{r_{1}}...dp_{r_{N}}...
When modeling stellar structure and formulating equation of states, I've seen various cases where you have to take into account whether the constituent gas of a star is degenerate or not. But how do you determine if the gas is degenerate or not?
Anyone who has an idea for how to calculate the irradition [W/m2] to the base of a cylinder with radius R, height H, absorption coefficient k, and temperature T? I've looked at the approach with mean beam length by Hottel but cannot figure out what to do when it is the base of the cylinder that...
Since the assignment asks the work done by the gas, that should be equal to P1*(V2-V1) aka the area under the P1 line. Do I have to subtract the work done to the system or is this the solution already? If so, why do I need P2?
I thought to myself , have there any been any physical attempts or calculations in theory about the possibility of creating a net electrical gain of energy from a pulsed fusion approach where a high pressure/density gas mixture is prepared constantly within a container and a high current pulse...
Let's say I have a liter of gas at pressure of 4 atm and T=900K. I use it to move perfect massless frictionless and insulative piston to compress a liter of 1 atm, T=300K gas. When the pressure on both sides is equal and the piston stops moving, will the temperature on both sides of the piston...
I guess this applies to wood-burning fireplaces as well, but they will require more frequent reflector surface cleaning.
Our gas fireplace is fairly warm, but it's clear that it's not as efficient as it could be. It seems like reflective back and side inserts would reflect a lot more of the IR...
How to calculate entropy from positions and velocities of gas molecules?
lets say we have 2 different gases. entropy should be bigger after mixing them, than before when these are separated. But how to calculate exact entropies by knowing only positions and velocities of gas molecules?
Hi,
some time ago our professor told us (en passant) to evaluate this quantity:
$$<F|n_m( \mathbf x) n_{m'}(\mathbf x) |F> - <F|n_m( \mathbf x)|F><F|n_{m'}(\mathbf x) |F>$$
And then he said: "you'll find that this quantity may not be zero. In particular when the electron are correlated it will...
It is well known that the 2D free electron gas fermi momentum can be expressed as follows,
k_F=\left(2\pi n\right)^{1/2}
where n is the electron surface density.
Assuming this 2D electron system can be considered as 2-D tight-binding square lattice whose eigenergy can be written as...
.
We have that energy in a infinitesimal Spherical layer with number of mols dn is:
dU=Cv.T.dn (1)
But by the ideal gas law:
PV=nRT (2)
Differentiation gives:
PdV+VdP=RTdn (3)
(3) in (1) and using CV=3R/2 (monoatomic)
gives:
dU=3/2.(PdV+VdP) (4)
Integration of (4) over the whole gas will...
This is a question in my midterm. I calculated for the answer as c) 11.7 atm by the Ideal Gas Law. The professor states that "all the air is originally at 1 atm" in the prompt indicates an idea of "both 70 L of air and existing 6 L of air in the tank are at 1 atm", and he grades d) 12.7 atm as...
In the first question should I remove the delta and put d or that doesn't make a difference and on the second question should I substitute the values of R, K, Cv and Cp or that's not required I'm not really sure how correct is my answer to the second question
Summary: U=3/2*n*R*T
Can some of you help me with this
The total internal energy of an ideal gas is 3770 J. If there are 3 moles of the gas at 1 atm, what is the temperature of the gas?
I use U=3/2*n*R*T but get the wrong answer, (101 K) but it should be 303 K
[Moderator's note: Moved from...
I find that $$U=\int Z \epsilon D(\epsilon) e^{-\epsilon β}d\epsilon=\frac{gV}{(2\pi)^3}\int Z \frac{(\hbar)^2k^2}{2m}k^2 (4\pi)e^{-β\frac{(\hbar)^2k^2}{2m}}dk$$
where g=2s+1=2, $$Z=e^{βµ}$$ and $$D(\epsilon)=\frac{gV}{(2\pi)^3}k^2 4\pi$$ for the density of states
From here, I can use
$$c_v...
It is my assumption that I need to find the chemical potential of the atoms $$\mu_A$$ and for the molecules $$\mu_{A_2}$$,
then use $$\mu_{A_2}+\mu_{A}=0$$ to arrive at the given identity. For $$\mu_A$$, I found that $$\mu_A=k_BTln(n_A\lambda ^3)$$, where
$$n_a=\frac{N_a}{V}$$ and $$\lambda$$...
A mega-maser-emitting blob of gas is in orbit around a massive black hole in the centre of a galaxy. The black hole has a mass of 106 solar masses, and the blob of gas is in a circular orbit one light year away. What is the speed and acceleration of the blob?
Part (a)
ΔS = ∫ (dq/T)
because: dq = PdV = (nRT/V)dV
Then:
ΔS = ∫ (1/T)*(nRT/V)dV
ΔS = nR ∫(1/V) dV
ΔS =nR[ln(V2/V1)]
Part (b)
This is where I'm stuck. I know [P + a/(v/n)2][v/n - b] = RT can be solved for P and simplified to
P = [RT/(v-b)]-[a/v2] since n=1mol
But I don't know how to proceed...
Has anyone created a thread on Free Body Diagram on assembly having many components ? For example a Casing having premium threads in both end and a set packer within it. What would be the FBD equations to determine various forces and reaction forces
Summary: Hello, I need some help with this problem since my professor is bad at explaining (he reads a book and repeats everything), there's a problem online similar, but values and what is asked is different.
A gas stream (1) contains 18 mol% (40.2 mass%) hexane and remainder nitrogen flows...
1. If a gas is kept at constant pressure of 1 atm & the temp. is raised upto the saturation temprature ( 99.97 C ) and just when Tsat is attained the heat transfer is stopped ( Hin & Hout both are 0 , adiabatic conditions ) . Now
# If the adiabatic condition is maintained , then on...
Dear Experts,
While going through the explanation why heat absorbed by a gas is path dependent, there were two examples of comparison.
1. A gaseous volume of 2 liters expanding slowly to 4 liters , supplying heat from a heater keeping the temperature of the gas constant at 300K.
2. A gas allowed...
How can I calculate the temperature changes of a pressurized gas as it is in a cylinder, then as it is when flowing into another vessel?
my best guess was using the ideal gas law (with help from this forum), but I feel like I'm using it wrong.
P = 300bar or 296.08 atm
V = 112 L (is this...
I am using a compressed gas tank to fill an otherwise empty container, The gas tank is around 50bar and the container will be filled to 6bar.
If I am using a pressure transducer to determine when the container has been filled to 6bar, can I use the information I gain from it to derive the flow...
Doesn't volume of ideal gas include volume of the molecules?
What I was taught in school is that, when two molecules collide, no other molecule can come around it (inside the green part in the figure) and that volume is excluded volume? Is it correct? If yes, why?
Trying to determine diffusion rate of a gas emitted from a body of water. I believe Fick's first law may apply:
J = -D * (dc/dx)
where:
J = diffusion rate [mg/s×cm2]
D = diffusivity constant (can be looked up based on type of gas and local air temperature)
dc = change in concentration from...
When a helicopter float motionless the work done on it is zero.But why does it still consume energy?A similar question is why when we hold still a weight, we must consume energy(we feel fatigue)?
I am creating a two-dimensional model of an ideal gas, and I was wondering how I should determine initial velocity.
Ideally, I would like for the simulation to reach a point where the velocity distribution resembles that of the maxwell-boltzmann curve — will this be achieved if I, say, assign...
Hi,
I wish to write a simple simulation of gas behavior. I have two tanks, connected by a valve. When the valve is opened, the gas will obviously flow and after some time it will reach an equilibrium.
I could really do with some help in calculating the rates of change of the temperatures and...
Is there such a thing as a partial temperature of a gas in a mixture? Partial pressure is commonly accounted for and used. It seems that if there are molecules of different masses colliding in a mixture, their average respective velocities in a mixture should be different based on transfer of...
How do you calculate the time it take a high pressured gas to fill a chamber? I have a gas in a chamber that is at 600psi and then another chamber at atmospheric pressure. When the valve between the two chambers is opened, how do you calculate the time it would take to fill the chamber? Are...