Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. Three isotopes occur naturally, 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen.The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various allotropes of carbon. Well-known allotropes include graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon and fullerenes. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent. Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its name, from the Greek verb "γράφειν" which means "to write"), while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity. Under normal conditions, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials. All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions, with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form at standard temperature and pressure. They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen.
The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes. The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones, dolomites and carbon dioxide, but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal, peat, oil, and methane clathrates. Carbon forms a vast number of compounds, more than any other element, with almost ten million compounds described to date, and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions. For this reason, carbon has often been referred to as the "king of the elements".
We did several threads about carbon dating. Main message, you've got to know what the caveats are and then it's a good and reliable way to estimate the age of organic material from the last 50,000 years.
A major point is calibration, which is improved and refined every few years. There is...
Homework Statement
In an engine test the dry exhaust gas analysis is CO2: 5.27%; O2: 13.38%: N2: 81.35%.
Assuming that the fuel is a pure hydrocarbon of the form CxHy, and that it is completely
burnt, calculate the ratio, by mass, of carbon to hydrogen in the fuel and the air to fuel...
Specifically, could Venus have otherwise formed as one, while leaving the rest of the structure of the solar system pretty much intact?
Failing that, could one have formed anywhere in the solar system?
This ought to be simple, I think. But I haven't found a consistent way to think about things yet.
Is it as simple as adding up all the spins of the elementary particles in the particle and checking whether the total has inter or half-integer spin?
Homework Statement
State whether the...
as a process worker may someone with more technical knowledge answer question below please
1. we have a juice which contains some Carbon.I am finding it harder to evaporate due to the Carbon.Why is juice harder to evaporate with Carbon in it then juice without Carbon?
Cheers
Trent H
Hello,
For my University project I am trying to design uprights for a race car. Currently we are using TIG welded 4130, I am trying to push the Titanium carbon direction.
I have many questions!
The idea of the upright is to use a titanium core (manufacture from laser sintering) then...
1. Homework Statement
This was a question on an exam I took a week ago in inorganic chemistry. The problem statement was like: "We have two molecules, H2CCH2 (ethene) and F2CCF2 (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene). Which bond angle is greater? H-C-H in ethene or F-C-F in 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene?"...
i don't understand how an applied Voltage on a (intrinsic) Carbon Nanotube could change its conductance... There is not a population inversion like in mosfet. So, which is the physics? Where this carriers can from?
thank you.
I am a lisc. Auto body tech, and I have a customer who wants a Carbon Fiber roof on a Volkwagen bug, I can fabricate a inner frame, and bonding will not be an issue, (according to paint rep)
The hard part is I want to do a flush seem and have paint blend into carbon fiber. I will "butt" match...
Homework Statement
Let’s say the % concentrations of CaCO3 (table 5) you obtain from trial #1 and #2 are consistent, while the concentration obtained from trial #3 is significantly higher. Demonstrate, how and where, a wet flask could be involved to explain such a result. Explain in great...
I'm analyzing data taken from 500 MeV/nucleon Iron beam and 290 MeV/nucleon Carbon beam. When looking at the fragmentation that has occured, the fragmentation for the Carbon beam seems almost always be alpha particles (I though I would see some Beryllium as well). Does this mean that the Carbon...
So I am pursuing the production of carbon nanotubes. I have found easy success with arc discharge and something kind of like progress with a CVD rig I have patched together from another design, but I'm all about longer tubes (guess my gender for a gold star). Of course, longer tubes are the main...
Aluminium strengthening with carbon??
Hi ,
Is it possible to strengthen aluminium with interstitial strengthening by carbon?I couldn't find any aluminium alloy with carbon content.What is the problem behind alloying of carbon with aluminium?
I am interested in the use of carbon nanotubes for making transparent conductive films, for example to replace indium tin oxide.
When I looked up papers on the subject, I noticed that most of the work to date has used single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Initially I was under the impression that...
Hello!
How to calculate the hybridisation in carbon compounds? Most of the time whenever i try to find out the hybridisation i get a wrong answer.
I think the usual way of finding hybridisation doesn't work with carbon compounds. Is there any other way?
As I understand it, carbon nanotube (CNT) exhibits quantised conductance (2e^2/h) because the mean free path length of carbon nanotubes are often longer than the length of the tubes.
If one is to substitutionally dope CNTs (say armchair metallic CNTs) with other atoms of similar size, for...
Homework Statement
I have to determine the resistance of a cone shaped resistor with the following dimmensions:
Height at the first end: 1mm
Lengdt: 250mm
Height at the last end: 0.5 mm
Rho: 14.5^10-6 Ohm*m
Homework Equations
\Omega = \frac{\rho \times L}{A}
The Attempt at a...
Is there anyway to find out or approximate how much carbon dioxide a person produces per day, how much oxygen does a plant produce per day. And do different species of plants produce different amounts of oxygen?
Homework Statement
I'm trying to express the conditions for a zigzag carbon nanotube in a mathematical vector.
Homework Equations
B = na1 + ma2
The Attempt at a Solution
I want to say "either a=0 or b=0", but must I also say that it can't be a=b=0 or is that already excluded in...
We all know that carbon shows the configuration 1s2- 2s2- 2p2
But, since half-filled and fully filled orbitals are more stable, why doesn't it show the configuration 1s2- 2s1- 2p3 ?
Why doesn't the 2s orbital give 1 electron to 2p, as in the case of Chromium, where one electron goes from 3d to...
Hello!
I was looking at the Water Gas Shift Reaction and I was interested to know why it is exothermic.
Since it involves carbon monoxide, I looked at the resonance structures for CO, and found three, see the wiki article here...
We would be working on with Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) for post graduate research. We are doing a thesis on liquid crystals and would be using CNT. Please let us know what what safeguards and precautions have to be taken when working with it in our lab.
Search engines have shown sites that say...
Can Carbon displace Aluminium, Silver and Gold from their oxides ?
Also where is Carbon found in the reactivity series ?
Edit : Got confirmation of Carbon's position in the reactivity series. But I still have a doubt about Silver and Gold because they are unreactive.
What is the carbon content of a good samari sword? A samari sword has a blade of extra hard steel for slicing and a blunt end of a more flexible steel. Maybe some metalurgial technigues to get te raw iron to that carbon content.
Homework Statement
Carbon dioxide partial pressure:
a. increases in the blood as it travels from the systemic venules to the inferior vena cava
b. is greater in the blood in the systemic capillary beds than in the alveoli of the lungs.
The Attempt at a Solution
The answer is...
Hello,
I have one short question.
Can I somehow get the information of the composition of the material (percantage of certain metals inside) if I have these data about it: carbon steel API 5L Grade B Schedule 40?
I would appreciate your help veeery much!
Regards
Amy
How do I find the energy difference between 1s and 2p, in a carbon atom? I'm right in assuming this is a constant value, and yet I cannot find the answer anywhere..?
Thanks
Hi! This is my first post on physicsforums. I wasn't sure if it belonged here or in the Chemistry forum, but just picked here.
I am trying to figure out if my drinking water filter system removes some fluoride from my water. (I know it doesn't remove all as it's not specifically a fluoride...
desperately need help with the question below. me and my dad have been working on it for hours but keep getting the answer to be 5.97x10^-23?! totally off what it should be.
Q. There are about 1.3x10^-12 carbon-14 atoms for each atom of carbon-12 in living materials, and the half-life of...
Homework Statement
If carbon dioxide is collected at 104.3 kPa and 29.6 oC, how many grams are collected? Use the gas constant of 0.08206 L. atm/mol . K.
1. Liters at STP.
2. Grams at new temperature and pressure.
Homework Equations
PV=nRT
The Attempt at a Solution
I really don't...
Homework Statement
half life of carbon 14 is 5730 years. living matter produces 15.3 disintegrations per min per gram of carbon it contains. A 1g sample of a plant from an excavation shows 7 disintegrations per min from carbon-14. how long did the plant die?
Homework Equations
k = 1/ t...
How can I find the decay rate of carbon? I have found the decay constant and I know the half life and the number of atoms. I think I have the data and I have the answer but I think I am using the wrong equation as my answer does not fit the books.
The decay constant I got as -1.209x10^-4...
Is copper absorbs Carbon?
I've just seen in one Science Fair project. In that there was one project. it was about pollution. There was a model of sizing machine. The boy who made this project says " If we use Copper in Sizing boilers, Copper will absorb much quantity of Carbon from air".
My...
May i know what is the emissivity for carbon steel ?
Is it suitable for me if i using IR thermometer(with emissivity 0.95fixed) to measure cutting temperature ?
Hi,
for a University project I need to find areas of application for a special carbon fibre composite design process. This process makes it possible to optimize several properties of the carbon composite at once.
For example it is possible to develop structures that provide several...
Homework Statement A certain artifact is found to have a carbon-14 activity of 0.12 Bq per gram of carbon. What is the age of the object?
Homework Equations
A = A(initial) * (1/2)^(t/h)
where
A = current amount
A(initial) = initial amount
t = time
h = half-life (aka half-time)
The Attempt...
1. Burning butane (C4H10) produces gaseous carbon dioxide and water. The enthalpy of combustion of butane is -2650 kJ/mole. Determine how much water you can heat from room temperature (22 Degrees) to boiling with 1 kg of butane.
Therefore:
13O2 + 2C4H10 ---Heat---> 8Co2 (g) + 10H2O(l)...
Ok so my problem is I have absolutely no idea where to start. I have been able to figure out other problems but this I can't get my head around. I am unsure as to the equations I need to use for collisions and how to obtain the correct answer.
Homework Statement
A nuclear reactor (see...
There's this kid mentioned in another thread that seems to raise doubts about carbon nucleosynthesis but the thread was locked, so I thought I'd ask the experts :If all the carbon of the universe is produced in masive stellar fusion nucleosynthesis, is 13 billion years time enough to reach the...
I understand what a carbon nanotube is. I have some experience with geodesic domes and the way those shapes can be changed. I keep hearing more and more about carbon nanofibers but I've never seen it explained. Is a carbon nanofiber a bundle of nanotubes, chains of carbon particles or something...
hi,
I've been toying with the idea of converting my mini cooper to an electric car, and I'm brainstorming ways to reduce the weight as much as possible. I came up with the idea of a carbon fiber frame to replace the heavy steel one, I found a company that can do it for me, but I was wondering...
http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/09/japanese-company-announces-breakthrough-in-carbon-fiber-technology/
Is this really feasible? I was under the impression that mass production of carbon fiber structures like this was still too slow and the fiber too expensive to make?
Obviously I'm...
I'm working on a computer model that simulates material damage in fiber reinforced polymers in extreme temperatures. I have looked around to find where I can buy some and get material properties. So far the best place I have found is Rock West Company with their quasi-isotropic lay...
What does that mean. Transfer of 1-carbon unit. What is a 1-carbon unit, are they referring to carbon number 1(according to nomenclature) of the molecule being transferred or a single carbon atom from the molecule is transferred? Can anyone explain. Thanks :smile:
Homework Statement
...Consider a diffuse gas cloud that contains carbon monoxide (CO) molecules...
What are the radio wavelengths (in cm) and frequencies (in GHz = gigahertz
= 109 Hz) corresponding to transitions between the ground state, the first excited
state, and the second excited...
What is the best way to distinguish and separate chrome steel, carbon steel, and stainless steel? I.e., if I had balls of chrome steel, carbon steel and stainless steel that were all of the same size, how could I tell them apart? The weights of the materials are very similar, and I am looking...
I was wondering if there was a definitive chart/data table with the properties of such a material. Many time has been spent looking through many papers, yet I am yet to find a table with for instance ... max tensile strength, max toughness, max conductivity
I know there are many variations...