What is Calculation: Definition and 1000 Discussions
A calculation is a deliberate process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more results. The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definite arithmetical calculation of using an algorithm, to the vague heuristics of calculating a strategy in a competition, or calculating the chance of a successful relationship between two people.
For example, multiplying 7 by 6 is a simple algorithmic calculation. Estimating the fair price for financial instruments using the Black–Scholes model is a more complex algorithmic calculation.
Statistical estimations of the likely election results from opinion polls also involve algorithmic calculations, but produces ranges of possibilities rather than exact answers.
To calculate means to determine mathematically in the case of a number or amount, or in the case of an abstract problem to deduce the answer using logic, reason or common sense. The English word derives from the Latin calculus, which originally meant a small stone in the gall-bladder (from Latin calx). It also meant a pebble used for calculating, or a small stone used as a counter in an abacus (Latin abacus, Greek abax). The abacus was an instrument used by Greeks and Romans for arithmetic calculations, preceding the slide-rule and the electronic calculator, and consisted of perforated pebbles sliding on iron bars.
Homework Statement
For a project, I am trying to estimate the absorption curve of a certain plant species. Due to the variability within the species, I have taken the average of several measurements.
In the figure below, the blue curves represent 3 separate measurements, and the red curve is...
Homework Statement
See the explanation of work done by variable forces given in my textbook.
For calculation of work done by variable forces the author analyses only a small fraction of displacement "ds".
And then he makes **assumption** that the force is acting on the particle at an angle...
Homework Statement
See my attached information
Homework Equations
On my attached solution
The Attempt at a Solution
see my attached sheet
Please see my attached write up.
I would appreciate a quick nudge as stated.
Homework Statement
Hi to all,
the Task I struggle with, is the range calculation from an Airbus A320 with the Breguet Range Equation which is defined as:
Homework Equations
R = (cl/cd) * (V/(g*SFC)) * ln(w0/w1)
with
V = velocity
g = gravity
SFC = specific fuel consumption
w0 =...
Hi There,
Long time reader, first time poster..
I hope someone out there can help me. I'm designing an add-on to an existing piece of equipment and I'm unsure of how to calculate the resultant force output from a hydraulic cylinder.
On a straight push, the chosen hydraulic cylinder has an...
Homework Statement
A pilot wishes to fly at maximum speed due north. The plane can fly at 100km/h in still air. A 30km/h wind blows from the south-east.
Calculate:
a) The direction the plane must head to fly north.
b) Its speed relative to the ground.
Homework Equations
Sine Rule...
Homework Statement
A straight wire of length 0.20m moves at a steady speed of 3.0m/s at right angles to a magnetic filed of flux density 0.10T. Use Faraday's law to determine the e.m.f. induced across the ends of a wire.
Homework Equations
E= Nd Φ/dt but N=1 so E= dΦ/dt
The Attempt at a...
I am trying to plot the absorption curve of a given sample using some spectrophotometric data. The data that I've collected are transmittance ##T## and reflectance ##R## – the ratios of transmitted and reflected light power to incident light power. However, using two different methods I got two...
i am making a plate straightining maching for 25x2100 mm plate.
motor- 30 hp and 960 rpm
worm reduction gear box- 100:1
Please tell me about the selection of roller by which i can straight the plate, and gear also.. if center distance between gear is 280 mm
I am currently working on designing a linear brake/lock for a completely different purpose but it will be based on the same principle as in a quick clamp shown below. Before building a prototype I do want to make some rough calculations to check dimensions, angles etc. etc. However, I am for...
Homework Statement
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Hello, basically I have some tasks about calculating the reading of voltmeter and ammeter in a circuit, I can solve these with simpler circuits, where voltmeter is reading a few elements, but as in the ones below, I'm not sure where to begin and what to add into the...
We know efficiency (η) = Woutput/Winput
Now in any cycle, for instance, the Otto cycle, let the total work output be WO, total heat added be WH & the total work done on the gas to compress it be WC.
Then, will efficiency be equal to (η) = (WO-WC)/WH ?
Or will it be equal to (η) = WO/(WH+WC) ?
Hello, can someone tell me how, or provide me a formula, to calculate the power of the turning shaft? in Nm or Watts, I don't mind. The mass (23Kgr) is turning at stable speed of 100 rpm by external independent force. The shaft is supposed to be on bearings both sides..
I made a picture to save...
Hello,
The particle Reynolds number makes me confused, and I hope someone can help me with this, please! Reynolds number is calculated by Re = ρfUD/μ where U is particle velocity, D can be particle diameter, and ρf and μ are density and viscosity of the continuous fluid. How I can Reynolds...
Hey all,
I started building my own flywheel inverted pendulum (i'm using a standard PID controller for the balancing).
I came across many articles regarding the differential equation of the pendulum.
Most article develop the motion equation using the Euler–Lagrange, few chose the Newtonian way...
A voltage amplifier ideally should have the input-output relationship of V₀ = 100vi but in practice the relationship is V₀ = Vi (98 + 2Vi).
Calculate the %age second harmonic distortion presents in the amplifiers output for a sinusoidal input of 10mV r.m.s.
Hi everyone! Can anyone please...
Homework Statement
The surface of a liquid is just able to support the weight of a six-legged insect. The leg ends can be assumed to be spheres each of radius 3.2 × 10−5 m and the weight of the insect is distributed equally over the six legs. The coefficient of surface tension in this case is...
Hi. I'm a mechanical engineer, but working as Safety Engineer. I have a question how to calculate the flow rate of hydrogen gas before a flow controller in case of leak through a 4.5 mm line at 35 bar pressure. Thanks in advance.
So I've done a practical investigation.
Pretty much I used a elastic band to launch a puck on a horizontal floor. I have measured the extension and force for the elastic band, and the extension and stopping distance for the puck on two different surfaces.
How do I calculate the coefficient of...
Homework Statement
A 5m metal beam is supported on 2 supports. The beam is 30kg and the man is 65kg. The man stands at A, to prevent the beam tipping extra weights have been placed at B. Find reaction forces and the weights that have been placed at B. Take acceleration due to gravity to be...
Hi there,
New to the forum.
I decided to come here as I am currently working on a formula that will give me the resulting pressure as a result of an increase in temperature within fixed volume.
I have used Charles Law and Boyles law and combined them in a way that gives me this increase...
Hello, I'm trying to calculate the width of a layer using SRIM. I have one layer with dry air and one with mica. I know the width of air and the ranges of a-particles shown in the photo...
Homework Statement
Homework Equations
v = sqrt(F/(m/L))
The Attempt at a Solution
Trying to find the length of the spring. But i can find the tension of the wire at all.
I'm not sure what i can do with the frequencies? Maybe I'm forgetting a concept cause i thought the equation v^2/F = L...
Homework Statement
Two amplifiers can be used to power a sound system.
Amplifier 1: Has a fixed power output of 300 W.
Amplifier 2: Has a variable power output of between 15 W and 175 W.
You may assume that the power output of the amplifier is equal to the power of the sound waves that are...
Homework Statement
We know the momentum of an electron, which is: 1,48*10^-21.
Momentum is m*v (mass*speed)
If we divide the momentum by the mass of the electron to find electron's speed, it'll give a value where v> 3*10^8 m/s.
Since speed can't be above speed of light, we have to calculate...
Hi, I have a airbottle of 30bar pressure, 1000lit.From the airbottle I had made a line of 25 nb and fitted a pressure reducing valve in the line with set pressure 5bar.I am interested to know the flowrate in the line. Please help
An online seller claimed with an 80 Cubic Feet per Minute blower his output temperature was 350 degrees Fahrenheit from a fireplace heat scavenger. If you assumed his measurements were correct and the room temperature (input) was 70 degrees F. how would you calculate his gain in British Thermal...
I just want to know the formula for the following question: If the dose rate from a sample of Ra-223 was found to be 20 mSv per hour at 10 micrometres, calculate the dose rate at 30 micrometres. Show your calculations. Give your answer to one decimal place.
I think it is 20 mSv x 10 micrometres...
<Re-opening approved by mentor.>
Hi, I've always wondered why when calculating the partition function for a quantum system, we only sum over the eigenstates and not superimposed states. Thus I decided to actually try summing over all normalized states and see what would happen. Feedback is...
Hi, would very much appreciate it if I could get some help for something I was trying to calculate. I'm not very good at latex so I've just attached images of my attempt. I would very much appreciate it if you could look over the images I've taken and provide some feedback, thank you.
I've been...
Homework Statement
Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution
I am confused. It looks like the couple forces are at a angle pointing to the x axis.
So i did moment about a axis of that angle.
I found this angle/axis unit vector to be (-0.6i -0.8j)
Then i found the moment couple about the x...
Hello,
I have the following hot water system. I have a water heater with a pressurized cold water inlet. A re circulation line is taken near the farthest fixture passed through a circulating pump and back to the heater inlet. When calculating pump head, do I calculate pressure drop in the entire...
The lecture is here, paragraph 5-7.
Feynman is trying to explain how to measure the size of the nucleus.
He writes :
"Suppose we have a piece of material
1 centimeter thick. There will be about 10^8 atomic layers.
Since we don't know the size of the nucleous, how can be possible to calculate...
Homework Statement
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I am stuck trying to figure out why there are three different alphas and why in the equation we are supposed to use has a theta and what that means. If I can set up the Fourier series I can properley I know how to solve it for...
Homework Statement
A seeded BOD test is to be conducted on meat-processing wastewater with an estimated strength of 800 mg/L. The seed is supernatant from aged, settled, domestic wastewater with BOD of about 150 mg/L. Calculate the BOD value for the industrial wastewater if the initial DO in...
Sir,
In 1927 the English Pound was USD 4.86. What would be the reverse for $1.00, with the Pound value expressed in £ s d.
Would there be a formula for this conversion?
Thank you for any help you may provide.
Regards,
P.N.
Hello Everyone,
I am trying to calculate the openings of a sealed room according to a pressure drop in a specific time.
I have the following equation:
Q = 840*A*√(dP)
Q: differential airflow in liters/sec
A: room leakage in m2
dP: differential pressure in Pa...
Hi, i need to do a pulley/shaft check on an existing system.
Pulley is 840mm diameter and the motor has 47kw and 390 nm breakdown torque so to find the force from the belt can i assume that the force at the pulley o.d. distance is the force? So 390*0.84 will give the torque at that distance...
Homework Statement
If water vapor is assumed to be a perfect gas, molar enthalpy change for vaporization of 1 mol of water at 1 bar and 100 C is 41 kJ/mol . Calculate the internal energy, when 1 mol of water is vaporized at 1 bar pressure and 100 C.
Homework Equations
$$\Delta U = \Delta H =...
How to calculate torque and power at 'drive wheel' with following inputs and also requirement shown in below picture-
a. Gear ratio, 1: 6
b. Attached 10Kg weight for bigger wheel to make as a crank wheel and diameter is 30inch.
c. Bigger wheel: Consider 180 degree is freely rotates(due to 10kg...
Homework Statement
I experimented with standing waves on an oscillating string, and I was asked to calculate the absolute error of µ (linear mass per unit length). I don't know how to calculate it, so please help me.
I loaded 100g, 200g and 300g on the string. Below are tabulated data of the...
Hey PF! This isn't for homework, just me messing around with some thoughts in caluclating various homology groups.
So suppose we have ##p \in S^n## and suppose that ##X## is a Polyhedra.
I want to show that ##H_q(X \times S^n, X \times p) \cong H_{q-n}(X)##
I was given the hint to start out...
Homework Statement
Calculate the net force acting on the object indicated in the following diagram. Show your work.
Homework Equations
cosine/sine law
The Attempt at a Solution
First I subtracted 10N and 8N (since they are forces acting in different directions):
-8.0N (S) + 10.0N (S) = 2.0...
Hello sir,
How to calculate the heat flux of titanium and aluminum?What are the essentials for doing the calculation?We are undertaking a project of multilayer coated cutting tool inserts..So we are in the need of this.
Regards,
Shankaralingam.
Hi everyone.
Given: an asteroid with the mass of 50,000,000 kg, which is moving with the velocity of oh-my-god particle -- 99.99999999999999999999951% of c.
Due to relativistic effects, its total kinetic energy will be 1.44 E+36 Joules (Lorentz factor = 3.2 E+11).
A hypothetical particle...
Homework Statement
Given a graph (see below) containing the velocities of two stars with respect to the sun, I am asked to calculate the velocity of the centre of mass of a binary system. I am not given the mass of either star, nor the shape of the orbit nor the velocity of the centre of mass...
It's been a long time since I've attended school, over 33 years ago. So my question may seem basic to many here. I wish to calculate the partial volume of a cylinder for my excel spreadsheet project. The formula I've found is attached. (unable to type it)
But I do not fully understand this...