What is Calculation: Definition and 1000 Discussions
A calculation is a deliberate process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more results. The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definite arithmetical calculation of using an algorithm, to the vague heuristics of calculating a strategy in a competition, or calculating the chance of a successful relationship between two people.
For example, multiplying 7 by 6 is a simple algorithmic calculation. Estimating the fair price for financial instruments using the Black–Scholes model is a more complex algorithmic calculation.
Statistical estimations of the likely election results from opinion polls also involve algorithmic calculations, but produces ranges of possibilities rather than exact answers.
To calculate means to determine mathematically in the case of a number or amount, or in the case of an abstract problem to deduce the answer using logic, reason or common sense. The English word derives from the Latin calculus, which originally meant a small stone in the gall-bladder (from Latin calx). It also meant a pebble used for calculating, or a small stone used as a counter in an abacus (Latin abacus, Greek abax). The abacus was an instrument used by Greeks and Romans for arithmetic calculations, preceding the slide-rule and the electronic calculator, and consisted of perforated pebbles sliding on iron bars.
1/2 m (rw)^2 = 1/2 m( vf)2
rw =V = 0.05* ( 4200*2π /60 )= 22
1/2 mv^2 = 1/2 kx^2
1.5 * 22^2 = k * 0.05^2
k = 2.9 *10^5
F = kx = 2.9 *10^5 * 0.05 = 14,500
--------------------- (For the above calculation, I got the correct answer.)
I wonder whether we can use the method below to obtain force...
For a project I am currently facing a problem that I find difficult to solve.
I am developing a shielding portal that uses a mesh to blocks UHF RFID signals. I would like to use aluminium mesh due to it being lightweight and its attenuation properties. The frequency of UHF RFID signals in the...
I get one of the ranges by calculating:
sin(90°) = 1
d·sin(θ) = d × 1 = d = n·λ
d = 6 × 550-nm = 3,300 nm = 3.3 microns = 3.3 × 10⁻⁶ m
But, how can I get the other range of 2.2 × 10⁻⁶ m
Could anyone explain it to me? Thanks
I know how to derive field using ##E = -\nabla V## in polar coordinates and doing so gave me $$E = (kP/r^3)(1 + 3cos^3\theta)^{1/2}$$
now I am trying to derive ##E## at point P using the fields produced by +ve and -ve charge respectively and taking components of each along the radial direction...
Hi,
I was working on this problem that I think should be quite simple, but I cannot seem to get the correct answer.
Question:
A pulsed laser operates at 850 nm wavelength. Under pulsed conditions there are several lasing modes present separated in frequency by ## \Delta f = c/2nl ## where...
This is the analytical working out. I substituted the value of 306mm ( the maximum length of the beam) to find the maximum deflection along the Z-axis. Which came out to be -2.39mm. But according to Ansys the average deflection is 0.3mm and the maximum deflection is 0.8mm.
This is the Ansys Values.
I have a construction made from 4040 aluminum extrusion.
The top frame is opening at 90deg with external hinge.
the weight of the top is 6Kg
The dimensions are 50X75cm externally
and 42X67 internally (as the frame width is 4cm)
If pictures with dimensions would help please let me know.
Hello. I am doing tensor calculation with indices, such as contraction, lowering or raising indices, tensor production, etc.
I have tried the Ricci.m from https://sites.math.washington.edu/~lee/Ricci/
However, maybe because the package has not been upgraded for some time, I could not get the...
Summary:: So I'm trying to get more advanced with the lmc simulator, https://www.101computing.net/LMC/
But it's kind of hard to understand and keep track when it gets long.
Provide an LMC program that will provide a value in three digits ten's complement. The program will take two inputs, a...
First let's define as on page 13 of the book the perturbative coefficients of the hard scattering cross section ##H_{ab}## by:
$$(22) \ \ \ \ H_{ab}=H_{ab}^{0}+\frac{\alpha_s}{\pi}H_{ab}^{(1)}+\mathcal{O}(\alpha_s^2)$$
Now, on page 16 it's written that the RG equation for ##H_{ab}## is:
$$(31)...
a. When the transistors are ON.
##V_{CC} = V_L##
##V_{CC} = L \frac{di_L} {dt} ##
##i_L = \frac{V_{CC}t} L ##
b. I am bit confused when the transistor is "OFF"
The point "A" is floating? The transistors and the diodes all the elements seem to be open is it correct? I am confused here.
This problem was included as an exercise for a section on the small signal equivalent circuit for a MOSFET under the body effect. The problem states ##λ =0## so I believe the Early effect is negligible and ro = 0. I don't see how the body effect would be negated so for part (b). I believe the...
Hello Forum:
I have numbers 1 through 6 from which i must select 4 items. The twist is that i need to count only those subsets that include the number 2 all of the subsets are 'distinct' --> 2145 is the same as 2415. My quick calculation yields 15 distinct subsets however some of those do...
Since both cylinders have the same material, this implies the density is the same. Length is also the same based on the question. We only need to compare the radii for resistance.
R2 = pi ((2b)^2 - (2a)^2)
R1 = pi (b^2 - a^2)
R2/R1 = 4, so my answer is C. But, the given answer is A.
Where did I...
Hello everyone,
Once I got through the VDW state equation I came to the expression of the thermal expansion coefficient. When I place the values I get an illogical answer. Is there a problem with the units? (Please ignore the values)
Thanks.
This is the unit equation I get to and get stuck:
v1- velocity of water at the top of the barrel
v2- velocity of water at the the pipe (bottom of cylinder)
p + (⍴ *(v1)^2)/2 + ⍴gh=p + (⍴ *(v2)^2)/2 + ⍴gh
atmosferic pressure cancels out
(⍴ *(v1)^2)/2 + ⍴gh = (⍴ *(v2)^2)/2 + ⍴gh
density doesn't affect the result(cause its in every term)...
I need help to get the percentage current loading on this transformer with the following parameters
transformer size is 500KVA
Primary voltage is 11KV
Secondary voltage is 415v
power factor is 0.8
current in Red phase is 315A
Current in yellow phase is 302A
Current in blue phase is 317A
Neutral...
I set up this problem this way:
##p_a^{\mu}=(E, \sqrt{E^2-m^2}, 0, 0)##
##p_b^{\mu}=(m, 0, 0, 0)##
##p_c^{\mu}=(2E_\gamma, 2E_\gamma, 0, 0)##
I have chosen to consider the two photons as a single particle of energy equal to ##2E_\gamma##. At this point I applied conservation of the...
Hello,
I am trying to find base voltage. In attached picture (using Multisim) there are two separate circuits. Here is how I am doing the voltage divider:
Circuit on right:
Vb = (Vcc - .7)*R6/(R6 + R5) = 3.2V which matches Multisim result. No problem here.
Circuit on left:
Vb = (Vcc -...
I've been struggling with the problem below for some time. It is not a homework.
A simple bubble S is a spherical surface that expands with constant speed c. A vector bubble V also expands with the same constant speed c. There is a 3d vector associated with a V.
If two S bubbles touch, they...
I'm designing loading mechanism of new machine and need to know what the torque will be.
Here is the sketch of my mechanism.
Distance from centre of shaft to the top of loading table is 200mm. Distance from the centre of mass of workpiece to centre of the shaft 50 mm. Max load is 400 kg. Weight...
Hi,
I have a question about doing these types of optimum replacement problems.
Question: A laboratory owns a group of special microscopes and it has been agreed that a replacement policy should be established. Using the data below and a discount rate of 10%, find the optimum replacement period...
Hello people, in a near future I'd like to calculate (numerically, with finite elements) the magnetic field of several permanent magnets of various shapes. I am wondering which equation(s) I should solve, exactly.
It's been a long time I dived into an EM textbook and I don't have one in hand...
from numpy import log as ln
z = 3
k = 2
x = 1 - ln(1 + z) / ln(1 + k)
y = 1/5
print("The x=", x)
Q = x**y
print(Q)
The result is
The x= -0.26185950714291484
c:\Users\-\Desktop\... RuntimeWarning: invalid value
encountered in double_scalars
Q =...
I am currently trying to compute the Green's function matrix of an infinite lattice with a periodicity in 1 dimension in the tight binding model. I have matrix ##V## that describes the hopping of electrons within each unit cell, and a matrix ##W## that describes the hopping between unit cells...
https://www.physicsforums.com/attachments/273785
What are the possible materials (beams, H-profiles) etc that can be used to withstand the pressure of the whole system if there are 12 tonnes of wheat in the pipe at all times? How you would make this system work?
There always has to be an angle...
the answer in the solution book is 29K which only comes if I use mass for only one atom. ( They did not show any working )
My attempt:
1/2 x (1.67 x 10^(-27)) x (355)^(2) = 3/2 x 1.38 x 10^(-23) x T
T = 29.48820652 K
The confusion arises when I tried the following question:
Q. Estimate the...
Summary:: Calculate the amount of energy in joules generated from 2 kg of uranium fuel if the uranium 235 represents 0.7% of the metal and every fission releases 200 MeV.
Hi!
I am stuck in this question from my exercise book :
Q. Calculate the amount of energy in joules generated from 2 kg...
How would I go about calculating the time taken for the motor on page 2 to move the attached beam 360 degrees?
Things such as the rpm and voltage are given in the attached data sheet for various different motors and you can reference anyone you like. I'm more interested in understanding what's...
I am trying to calculate the power calculation of a general circuit with voltage leading the current by a phase difference of ##\theta##.
The instantaneous voltage is given by ##v = V_m\sin(\omega t +\theta) ; i = I_m\sin(\omega t) ##. The instantaneous power is then
##p = V_m I_m \sin(\omega t...
All the equations I have seen have a component that is unknown. Also, if possible do let me know if there is a software I can use to model or analyze data related to eddy currents
Good day
I have a problem regarding the directional derivative (look at the example below)
in this example, we try to find the directional derivatives according to the two approaches ( the definition with the limit and the dot product of the vector gradient and the vector direction)
in this...
this is the function
and this is the solution in which the definition has been used
my question is
Why we can not use the traditional approach? I mean calculation the partial derivative which equals 0 in our case? And doing the dot product with the vector v (after normalizing it)
many...
Hello,
If I am trying to calculate the heat removed from a chiller system through this formula on engineering toolbox.com:
Does COP or efficiency of the equipment come into play with this calculation? For example if a chiller is fully loaded isn't it running more efficient for a watt/ton...
The following paper appeared earlier this year on arxiv, entitled "Islands in Schwarzschild Black Holes":
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.05863.pdf
First, a bit of background: this paper appears to be part of a larger research effort aimed at resolving the black hole information paradox by showing...
We know that we humans have roughly 5 liters of blood circulating in our body. The volume also may be varying. We also know that its volume is tightly regulated and multiple organs are involved in it.
My question is, how we calculated that we have 5 liters of blood? Is it an approximation or...
Summary:: What does I need to consider in order to get the right spring?
Hello. I need a compression spring that require 10 lbs of force in order to be compressed 1cm. The springs outer diameter (De) has to be 1cm. The spring will be made out of piano wire. Which values of specification does...
So what I know is that without the edition of the R5 resistor R2 and R3 are 0 because the capacitor is short circuiting them. Why does the addition of the R5 resistor cause R2 and R3 to be calculated into the Req for the current equation?
The first thing I have to consider is that, since ##\Delta t \rightarrow 0##, the potential ##U## is not going to contribute and we can consider it to be ##0##.
Next thing I did was calculate ##\left<xt|x_1t_1\right>## directly with the definition considering what I said before, and I got...
I'm trying to get from the formula in the top to the formula in the bottom (See image: Series). My approach was to complexify the sine term and then use the fact that (see image: Series 1) for the infinite sum of 1/ne^-n. Then use the identity (see image: Series 2). Any other ideas?
I took a surface element dA at the surface of square at point x',y' now I took a point on x-axis and calculated the flux. But I got a very complicated integral though it should be simple and I can't interpret it
I don't really know how to find it mathematically as I am really confused in finding the normal vector and finding the electric field as well.
pls help
I need to solve the following equation for [OH-]:
Kw/[OH-] + (10^-5)Kb/(Kb+[OH-]) = [OH-]
by using the iteration method.
I guess that [OH-] = 10^-7 M. I plug this into the left hand side of the equation and find [OH-] = 1.39*(10^-7) M. I plug this value back into the left hand side, and get...