Polyakov or Poliakov, (Russian: Поляко́в, Ukrainian: Поляко́в, Hebrew: פוליאקוב, Belarusian: Палякоў), or Polyakova, Polyakova (feminine; Поляко́ва) is a Russian language surname. It may be transliterated as Poliakoff.
Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksei Poliakov (born 1974), Russian/Uzbek goalkeeper
Alexander Dmitriyevich Polyakov (born 1959), Russian diplomat
Alexander Markovich Polyakov (born 1945), Russian/American physicist
Anatoly Polyakov (born 1980), Russian swimmer
Andrei Polyakov (1950–2021), Russian diplomat
Dmitri Polyakov (1921–1988), Soviet General and a spy for the CIA
Dzyanis Palyakow (born 1991), Belarusian footballer
Elena Polyakova (born 1981), Russian ultramarathon runner
Ella Polyakova (born 1941), Russian human rights activist
Igor Polyakov (1912–2008), Soviet rower
Ivan Alexeyevich Polyakov (1886–1969), Russian Cossack military leader
Lazar Polyakov (1843–1914), Russian entrepreneur
Léon Poliakov (1910–1997), French historian
Maria Palyakova (born 1974), Ukrainian volleyball player
Maria Polyakova (born 1997), Russian diver
Mykola Polyakov (1946–2020), Ukrainian scientist
Nataliya Polyakova (born 1983), Russian Poet
Oleg Polyakov (born 1990), Russian footballer
Samuel Polyakov (1837–1888), Russian businessman
Sergei Polyakov (born 1968), Russian sport shooter, silver olympic medalist
Sergey Polyakov (born 1951), Russian-American scientist
Valeri Polyakov (born 1942), Russian cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Russia
Veronika Polyakova (born 1999), Russian rhythmic gymnast
Viktor Polyakov (born 1981), Ukrainian boxer
Vlad Polyakov (born 2002), Land Walker
Vladimir Polyakov (pole vaulter) (born 1960), retired Soviet/Russian pole vaulter
Vladislav Polyakov (born 1983), Kazakhstani swimmer
Yevgeni Viktorovich Polyakov (born 1980), Russian footballer
Yevgeniya Polyakova (born 1983), Russian sprinter
Yisrael Poliyakov (1941–2007), Israeli comedian and actor
Yael Poliakov
Yuriy Polyakov (born 1980), Russian-American scientist
Polyakov family (Russian: Поляковы, Hebrew: משפחת פוליאקוב)
Samuel Polyakov
Lazar Polyakov
Yakov Polyakov