What is Heat: Definition and 1000 Discussions

In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter. The various mechanisms of energy transfer that define heat are stated in the next section of this article.
Like thermodynamic work, heat transfer is a process involving more than one system, not a property of any one system. In thermodynamics, energy transferred as heat contributes to change in the system's cardinal energy variable of state, for example its internal energy, or for example its enthalpy. This is to be distinguished from the ordinary language conception of heat as a property of an isolated system.
The quantity of energy transferred as heat in a process is the amount of transferred energy excluding any thermodynamic work that was done and any energy contained in matter transferred. For the precise definition of heat, it is necessary that it occur by a path that does not include transfer of matter.Though not immediately by the definition, but in special kinds of process, quantity of energy transferred as heat can be measured by its effect on the states of interacting bodies. For example, respectively in special circumstances, heat transfer can be measured by the amount of ice melted, or by change in temperature of a body in the surroundings of the system. Such methods are called calorimetry.
The conventional symbol used to represent the amount of heat transferred in a thermodynamic process is Q. As an amount of energy (being transferred), the SI unit of heat is the joule (J).

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  1. V

    Classical Textbook for light, heat, waves

    There's an undergraduate physics course at my uni that covers these topics and the course description is: Mathematical descriptions for classical physics: oscillations, mechanical waves, electromagnetic waves, physical optics and thermodynamics. Are there any good studying materials/textbooks I...
  2. gaurav_samanta

    Is latent heat only released and absorbed as radiation?

    Can water simply absord the kinetic energy from colliding air molucules to change its phase? And can water transformed into ice simply have the kinetic energy of its molecules increased to balance out the lost latent heat? Would not this again change ice into water?
  3. gaurav_samanta

    Can heat transfer break an equilibrium?

    Here is one scenario: I have placed a metal in my room which is at room temperature. Air has little much heat capacity and metals don't like to store heat. Would heat transfer occur? Whatif I set the temperature of both to a certain degree where it crosses heat capacity of metal but not of air?
  4. Libensek

    How can I make a Heat Flow Meter?

    I tried to created it but i dknt know how to even start
  5. I

    Question about thermal physics -- Ice cubes melting in water

    First, I calculated the heat required for the ice to melt: Q=mLf Q=0.150×330 Q=49.5 J Then, I calculated the final temperature of the water by forming the following equation: Q=mcΔT −49.5=(0.15+0.35)×4200×(Tf −80) Tf=80.0 degrees Celcius But the answer says 32 degrees Celsius.
  6. C

    How can units of heat ever be ft^3/s?

    Please and thank you!
  7. Yeahaight

    Steam = 100C -- how much steam got injected into the water to heat it up?

    I guess, firstly I have to calculate the heat that is needed. Q=c*m(t2-t1) I'm not sure what to do further from here.
  8. Yeahaight

    Amount of heat = 80 kJ -- how much ice can you melt?

    I've been messing with the Q = cm(t2-t1)=cmΔt formula If I change it to m=Q/(c*Δt) everything is fine until I reach the c part, because there has been given the c of ice and the c of water too, do I just subtract c ice from c water?
  9. S

    Calculate the flow of steam to heat wort (in the brewing process)

    I need help solving this please. Its a past exam paper. requires wort to undergo 5% by mass evaporation in one hour does this mean starting vol is 500hl and after one hour vol should be 475hl Wort volume = 500 hl = 50,000 L / hr 1 L = 10^-3 m^3 50,000 L = 50 m^3 /hr = 0.833 m^3 / min = 0.01388...
  10. tanaygupta2000

    Molar Specific heat of Blackbody radiation

    For a body at temperature T, the radiative energy per unit area E depends on 4th power of T. I can obtain expression for specific heat c by differentiating Stefan's law with respect to T. Would it be the correct way of approaching this problem? Or do I need to employ certain models from Solid...
  11. R

    I Change of variables for this derivative in a heat transfer equation

    Hello- In the attached screenshot from my textbook, I am trying to understand how they get from equation 6.5 to 6.5a. I have attached my attempt to solve it, but I am stuck evaluating the left side. I do not see how to get their result. Relevant information: k, T_w, T_inf, h and L are all...
  12. A

    Conceptual thermodynamics question regarding specific heat ratio

    The solution can be found at https://study.com/academy/answer/an-insulated-rigi... After using the two equations I can't see why (h2-h1)/(u2) should equal (T2)/(T1). Can someone explain why specific heat ratio is equal to temperature ratio?
  13. D

    A/C style heat exchanger instead of intercooler

    I have supercharged my Toyota 4runner. The downside is the type of supercharger that I have bolted on (almost the only you can bolt on) replaces the intake plenum and has no way of cooling the air prior entering the combustion chamber. I read a little bit about how much heat is produced in the...
  14. E

    Thermodynamic sign convention for heat (i.e. in heat engines)

    Just to clarify, I'm aware of the two equivalent expressions of the first law ##\Delta U = Q + W## and ##\Delta U = Q - W## when applied to a certain system, though my question is primarily about ##Q## - for which, as far as I am aware, the convention is almost universally that ##Q > 0## if heat...
  15. B

    Transformation of solar energy into heat

    I have one project in my mind bu tI have no eductaion in this topic. please help. question is: if there is container of water. and we have certain number of solar rays getting into this container how does process of water warm up look like comparing: 1. direct sun rays into water vs 2. on...
  16. D

    Physics Homework about using Electricity to Heat Flowing Water

    This is the question: You want to make an electric instantaneous water heater in which 5.0 liters of water flows past a resistance per minute and heats water from 10.0 ° C to 45.0 ° C. Calculate the magnitude of the resistance to use and the amperage. The flow-through is connected to 230V So...
  17. E

    Engineering Efficiency of Heat Engines & Refrigerators: Is Impossible Possible?

    For the heat engine: First I converted all the temperatures to Kelvin, ηmax=1-(333)/(1000)=0.667 ηclaim=(1*10^3)/(1.75*10^3)=0.5714 So the heat engine seems to be less efficient than a Carnot heat engine which means it can exist. For the refrigerator: COPmax=(253)/(363-253)=2.3...
  18. M

    Heat Transfer - Radiation - Net heat transfer between two mirrors

    Hi, So there is already a written solution which I have, but this is more a question about why we omit reflection that come back to the same mirror? Method: Let us consider one of the mirrors, we know it will emit a heat flux given by: q_{1} = \epsilon_{1} \sigma T_{1}^4 . Given that we are...
  19. B

    Ammonia Rankine cycle heat engine calculation

    A Rankine Cycle heat engine uses ammonia as a working fluid, turbine entry temperature is 25 Bar at 60 degrees Celsius. The turbine outlet pressure is 4 Bar, the question is: what is the outlet temperature? and if the output power is 6 Gigawatt (6x10^9 watt) what would the mass flow rate of the...
  20. HighFive5

    Chemistry Does Decarboxylation Occur in Gamma-Keto Acids Under Heat?

    Hello all! I have learned beta-keto acids are able to undergo carboxylation when subjected to heat. Do gamma-keto acids undergo decarboxylation when subjected to heat as well? If not, why? I identified C as a gamma-keto acid. Do you agree? Thank you for your help.
  21. F

    Can graphene be usefull as armor against HEAT rounds?

    From what I understood from articles like this(https://scitechdaily.com/microbullets-demonstrate-graphenes-energy-absorbing-strength/) graphene is really good at distributing the energy from impacts over larger area and can even turn into diamond-hard material called diamene upon impact when...
  22. cookiemnstr510510

    Chemistry Why does a negative ΔH indicate an exothermic reaction?

    Hello All, I wanted some insight on my answer to this problem. Lets say we have the reaction PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ↔PCl5(g) ΔH0=-111KJ So for this reaction we know it is exothermic (because my textbook told me). But I want to make sure I understand why it is. If I were to look at this reaction and...
  23. Prabs3257

    Heat dissipated in a Resistor-Capacitor circuit

    I tried to conserve the charge on the left plates of both the capacitors as intially the total charge on both is 48 and at t=t0 the total charge is 36(on c1) +4V(V is the potential across c2) so i got V=3 and then i conserved the energy Initial energy on both capacitor = final energy on both +...
  24. A

    Specific heat of a monotomic gas

    Given this problem I have calculated the partition function as $$z=1+e^{-\beta E_1}$$ And calculated the average internal energy as $$<U>=\frac{E_1 e^{-\beta E_1}}{1+e^{-\beta E_1}}$$ And thereafter taking the partial derivative of <E> with respect to temp. T the specific heat obtained is...
  25. jisbon

    Fourier’s Law Of Heat Conduction (Window Pane)

    In this case with a presence of the airgap, what should I do with the equation that is provided to be? Must the temperature gradient be caculated spearately (glass+air+glass) ? My tutor provided the hint that the heat flux should be constant for the windows, so in this case should I just omit...
  26. patricio ramos

    Question about initial and boundary conditions with the heat equation

    I am seeing the heat conduction differential equation, and I was wondering about a boundary condition when the equation is of transient (unsteady) nature. When analyzing boundary conditions at the surface of say, a sphere, the temperature does not depend on time. For example, if you have...
  27. LordGfcd

    What is the continuity condition for the heat flux through a boundary?

    Assume there is a boundary separates two medium with different heat conductivity [κ][/1] and [κ][/2]. In one medium, the temperature distribution is [T][/1](r,θ,φ) and on the other medium is [T][/2](r,θ,φ). What is the relationship between [T][/1] and [T][/2] ? Is it - [κ][/1]grad [T][/1]=-...
  28. H

    I Does the expansion of the Universe heat stars and bodies?

    The expansion of space is about 68 km/s/Mpc, or 0.00002 km/s/light year. The radius of the sun is about 700000 km. Thus, initially ignoring additional forces, the change in radius of the sun due to the expansion of space is about 1.5*10^-9 m/sec, or 5 cm/year. I assume that this expansion is...
  29. M

    Engineering Thermodynamics - Second Law: 2 Heat Engines Connected Between 3 Metal Blocks

    Hi, I posted a similar question recently and gained some insight on these types of problems. However, I am slightly stumped on how to approach this variation of the problem. So I know that: - there is no net change in enthalpy of the blocks and the engine as the processes are reversible -...
  30. G

    Heat in a const. pressure/volume calculation

    Hi All, In thermodynamics close system there are two const. processes in which we can calculate the heat: const. pressure const. volume I took 2 simple examples for these processes to test the results according the manufacturer data: For const. pressure I choose 1 liter 1.5 KW teapot For const...
  31. M

    Thermodynamics Problem: Heat Engine Between Two Blocks

    Hi, I am quite confused about how to approach this problem. I have seen variations of this problem where there is a heat engine between two blocks, but in this case the surroundings are massless, so I don't believe that approach will work here. Method: I have first started with the case that...
  32. M

    B Why / How do we feel heat from the sun

    Probably a silly question and a simple one for yourselves which I can't figure out myself. Hopefully I can explain it properly. Lets say I am standing on the equator and the sun is directly overhead. I am probably in the middle of a desert and it's around 50 degress centigrade. Assuming I could...
  33. K

    I Ligo Heat Dissipation: How Do They Protect Mirrors?

    Hello! I am not sure I understand how the heat from the lasers get dissipated in LIGO, at the mirrors. Given the high power of the lasers, the mirrors heat up, but the setup is in vacuum, so it is difficult to get rid of that heat. How do they make sure that the mirrors don't get too much damage...
  34. S

    Calculate the number of plates required for a heat exchanger

    Cooling water inlet temp is 4 degrees C Cooling water outlet temp is 80 degrees C Density of water is 1000 kgm-3 Specific heat water is 4.2kJkg-1K-1 Density wort is 1060 kgm-3 Specific heat wort is 4.0Kjkg-1K-1 Overall heat transfer coeff is 3000Wm-2k-1 Area of each plate is 0.75m2 For water...
  35. J

    Heat transfer through a MultiLayer Cylinder (find the Temperature inside)

    Hello, I am a Mechanical Engineer a little out of practice on Heat transfer. I am trying to solve this problem. It must be solvable but i have yet to find right equations online. I have a multi Layer Cylinder made up of C350 marraging Steel,Zinc Alloy-12 , then 6061 Aluminum T6. All that is...
  36. H

    Heat Loss in insulated Pipework

    Hi all, I have a copper pipe which has 15mm of insulation on it. The outside radius of the pipe is 17.2mm and the inside radius is 14.8mm. The insulation will have a conductivity of 0.025. I found an question which is meant to show an equation for the heat loss in an Insulated Cylinder or...
  37. J

    Australian Open Heat Stress Scale

    Watching the Australian Open and they use a heat stress rating to protect the players. I've searched for the details of how it is calculated without success. Anyone know the formula that they use? Just curious.
  38. P

    Constant Pressure Specific Heat in terms of Entropy and Enthelpy

    If ##N## is constant (per the partial derivatives definitions/ the subscripts after the derivatives) then ##G## is constant ##H - TS = constant## Taking the derivative of both sides with respect to ##T## while holding ##N,P## constant we get the following with the use of the product rule...
  39. A

    Chemistry Constant Volume Heat of Combustion from heat capacity of calorimeter

    Q=heat capacity calorimeter*(-)change in T*moles =0.009089mol*-6.8C*4.38kj/C =-0.2707kj/mol This answer is wrong but it was the only one I could come up with right now. I just noticed units in the answer would be wrong too. Any suggestions?
  40. D

    IEC 60890 - Heat Rise Calculations

    When designing a panel, it is imperative that you keep the components inside at a temperature which they can operate optimally at; allowing the air temperature to go above this limit can cause component failure and fire. To assist with calculating the air flow required to keep the components...
  41. Pouyan

    What is the change in entropy of the water in a reversible heat engine?

    My attempt: I though : ΔQ_w= 1*4200 * (-100) J=-420000J Q_ice=334000*m_ice = ΔQ_w But it was totaly wrong! The solution showed : Because the heat engine is reversible the efficiency η = 1- (T_cold / T) T_cold is always 273 K while the hot temperature changes from 373 K to 273 K during this...
  42. patric44

    A question about the specific heat and Debye temperature

    this is my attempt of a solution , but my only equation is should i convert Θ to Celsius , and if i did the specific heat of the other substance is greater , how is that if its inversely proportional with temperature ! . and the other Θ is 200 K so it should be less ?!
  43. H

    A Crank-Nicholson solution to the cylindrical heat equation

    Hi, I am solving the radially symmetric heat equation with an internal heat source(this is meant to model the heating of a cylindrical battery). It's meant to model heat in a cylinder with conduction to the environment, so my outer boundary condition is Newton's law of cooling. The $T$ in the...
  44. Leonardo Machado

    A Boundary conditions for the Heat Equation

    Hello guys. I am studying the heat equation in polar coordinates $$ u_t=k(u_{rr}+\frac{1}{r}u_r+\frac{1}{r^2}u_{\theta\theta}) $$ via separation of variables. $$u(r,\theta,t)=T(t)R(r)\Theta(\theta)$$ which gives the ODEs $$T''+k \lambda^2 T=0$$ $$r^2R''+rR+(\lambda^2 r^2-\mu^2)R=0$$...
  45. DuckAmuck

    How Do Inelastic Collisions Distribute Energy Between Heat and Sound?

    In collisions that are inelastic or partially elastic, how can we predict how much of the energy lost to the surroundings becomes heat, and how much becomes sound? What determines that fraction?
  46. S

    Heat loss from a hot water tank

    This is a past exam paper Q. I think i might be missing info though. For i) i use q=UAdT A= 35m2 dT= (80-20) They haven't given U but if i know answer should be 1,050W So if i set U to 0.5 (0.5)(35)(60) = 1050W Am i missing something or could I calculate U with the info given? Also ii) Use...
  47. Y

    Low-Temp Liquid Helium System: Evaporation Heat & Temperature

    We consider a system composed of liquid helium in equilibrium with its vapor at very low temperature T, each phase being considered extensive. We neglect the mass of the gas compared to that of the liquid, as well as the heat capacities of the gas and the walls compared to that of the liquid...
  48. B

    How Do I Calculate Heat Transfer by Conduction Using Thermal Conductivity?

    Can anyone please guide me in what I'm missing to answer part b)i? I can't seem to work out the thermal conductivity (k) in order to find the heat transfer by conduction? Or is the different approach that I must take to do this question? Thanks for any help!
  49. B

    Constant of thermal conductivity and heat flow in a given time

    Here is the Q below I want to see if my values for part b) is okay? This is what I have tried: Any help would be nice! Thanks
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