Cherenkov (sometimes spelled Čerenkov or Cerenkov) is a common Russian surname, which may refer to:
Andrei Cherenkov (born 1976), Russian professional football manager and former player
Andrew Cherenkov, a fictional character in the video game Xenosaga Episode I
Fyodor Cherenkov (1959-2014), Soviet and Russian footballer
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (1904–1990), Soviet physicist and a recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958