What is State: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Ondo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State, Ondo State borders Ekiti State (formally part of the state) to the north, Kogi State to the northeast, Edo State to the east, Delta State to the southwest, Osun State to the northwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the south. The state's capital is Akure, the former capital of the ancient Akure Kingdom.
Nicknamed the "Sunshine State", Ondo State is the 18th largest state in the country. The state is predominantly Yoruba, and the Yoruba language is commonly spoken. The state economy is dominated by the petroleum industry, with cocoa production, asphalt mining, and activities utilizing the state's extensive coastline also serving as major economic factors.

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  1. A

    Operator works on a quantum state yields another state?

    The well-known eigen value expression A(a)=a(a) assuming the operator which represents a physical phenomena acts on a quantum state which is represented by an eigen vector, (a) corresponds to an observed value a. But I am wondering if the same operator A can act on (a) and produce another eigen...
  2. Ricardo Luis

    Phase diagram p-v and plasmatic state

    phase diagrams show the change of the state when temperature or pressure are modified. to achieve this, is necessary heat, but my questions is: would plasma state be described in this diagrams? is this figure true? because plasma state can be generated by heating.
  3. mmarkov

    Markov chains: period of a state

    Hello, I am trying to understand the intuition of the definition of the period of a state in a Markov chain. Say for example we can go from state i to state i in 3,5,7,9,11... and so on steps. The gcd here is one. So is this aperiodic state or one with periodicity of 2. Thanks
  4. O

    Digital logic excitation equation from state diagram?

    Homework Statement Design serial transmitter circuit take 8-bit word in parallel as input, when an input control signal (SEND) goes high, and serially outputs the word (i.e., one bit during each clock cycle) to a single transmission line. Transmission of a word begins with the least...
  5. kini.Amith

    Math required for Statistical and solid state physics

    I have to take a graduate level statistical mech course and a solid state physics course next sem (starting in feb).As I will be dealing with these topics for the first time, I'd like to like to prepare myself for them by learning/revising the math involved in them. What are the mathematical...
  6. K

    Steady state excess carrier - Semiconductor

    Please check the following questions. Steady state of semiconductor w.r.t excess carrier. 1. If we shine photons on semiconductor and then turn the light off, semiconductor is not under the steady state condition. (it is under transient state since excess carrier concentration is decreasing)...
  7. jk22

    Mixed State Treatment: Eigenvalue Degeneracy

    Suppose i have an eigenvalue which is two fold degenerate-. Is it possible to have a density matrix formulation for the following : there is a continuum of states considered namely every state in the eigenspace. How would it be written : $$\sum_{\lambda}\int \rho (\lambda,\alpha)|\lambda...
  8. quantum.cmptr

    What exactly is a quantum state?

    What is a quantum state of a system? I keep hearing it, but I'm not able to fully understand what it means, especially in relation to Bose-Einstein Condensate, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
  9. nazmus sakib

    Uncertainty principle (stationary state)

    I have to derive I did all the way but stuck with the ">=" to "=" sign. what is the logic behind it ? is it safe to write "approximate" while taking the square-root on both side ? or the energy term "V" has gone during the calculation so it has only momentum "p" ?
  10. M

    Solid State Looking for Solid State Physics Textbooks? Check Out These Top Picks!

    Hi everyone, I was hoping you guys could recommend some good solid-state physics textbooks or lecture notes. Thanks in advance.
  11. M

    How Is Bipartite State Purity Affected by Parameter Changes?

    Homework Statement Consider the bipartite state: |q> = a/sqrt (2) (|1_A 1_B> +|0_A 0_B>)+sqrt((1-a^2)/2) (|0_A 1_B>+|1_A 0_B>) where a is between or equal to 0 and 1 a) compute the state of the subsystem p_b b) compute the purity of p_b as a function of a c) for what values of a is the...
  12. jdawg

    Engineering DC Steady State Circuit Analysis: Solving for iL, i, and Vc in a Simple Circuit

    Homework Statement DC steady state circuit analysis: Consider the circuit shown below. The switch shown in the problem opens at time t = 0 seconds. If the circuit is in DC steady state at , find values for iL(0-), iL(0+), i(0-), i+, Vc(0-), Vc(0+). There is no RL or RC analysis to be performed...
  13. X

    Ionization & photoelectrons in x-ray solid state detectors

    As far as i understand, this is the principle of solid state x-ray detectors: 1. A photon of energy E enters the detector and goes through photoelectric absorption 2. As a result a photoelectron with energy (E - Φ) is ejected, where Φ is the binding energy required to eject the photoelectron...
  14. Chip

    An operator acting on the translated ground state of an SHO

    I am trying to perform the operation a on a translated Gaussian, ie. the ground state of the simple harmonic oscillator (for which the ground state eigenfunction is e^-((x/xNot)^2). First, I was able to confirm just fine that a acting on phi-ground(x) = 0. But when translating by xNot, so a...
  15. J

    Steady State Heat Equation with Source

    I am trying to solve the steady state heat equation with a heat source. I am starting out in 1 dimension (my book gives the solution in 2, but I'm just trying to get a feel right now) and I have a heat source Q, located at 0. It radiates heat through an infinite medium. So what would the steady...
  16. upender singh

    Ground state energy eigenvalue of particle in 1D potential

    Homework Statement a particle of mass m moves in 1D potential V(x),which vanishes at infinity. Ground state eigenfunction is ψ(x) = A sech(λx), A and λ are constants. find the ground state energy eigenvalue of this system. ans: -ħ^2*λ^2/2m Homework Equations <H> =E, H = Hamiltonian. p=...
  17. O

    What happens to neutrons in plasma state?

    Let's say we have a mol of hellium-3 and we heat it up until it becomes plasma. What happens to the neutrons? Wikipedia does not mention anything about them. It only says that "Plasma is loosely described as an electrically neutral medium of unbound positive and negative particles". Just to make...
  18. W

    Relation b/w probability of triplet state and singlet state

    Homework Statement [/B] If electron (1) is in a state described by cosα1χ+ + sinα1e iβ1 χ- and electron (2) is in a state described by cosα2χ+ + sinα2e iβ2 χ-, what is the probability that the two-electron state is in a triplet state? The Attempt at a Solution I already solved this problem; I...
  19. M

    Expectation value of observable in Bell State

    Homework Statement Consider the bipartite observable O_AB = (sigma_A · n) ⊗ (sigma_B · m) Where n and m are three vectors and sigma_i = (sigma_1_i, sigma_2_i, sigma_3_i) with i = [A,B] are the Pauli vectors. Compute using abstract and matrix representation the expectation value of O_AB...
  20. D

    Determinig the position of the piston at state 2

    Homework Statement A piston-cylinder device attached below is shown in Figure 6.A-31where Patm = 100 kPa Tamb = 150°C piston Ac = 0.01m2 mp = 100 kg water T1 = 350°C P1 = 400 kPa z1 = 0.5m Figure 6.A-31: Piston-cylinder device. The initial position of the piston is z1 = 0.5 m and the piston...
  21. Q

    Finding a unitary transformation between two quantum states.

    I have to find a unitary transformation that takes me from one quantum state to another (or if there is such a transformation), given the two quantum states in matrix form. The matrices are huge (smallest is 16x16) , so doing it on paper is not an option. Does anyone know how I can do this in...
  22. RJLiberator

    Finding a State Vector for a Qubit with a Probability of +1 Measurement of 9/10

    Homework Statement Find a state vector |v> ∈ ℂ^2 such that if a measurement of δx is made on a qubit in this state, then the prob. of obtaining the value of +1 in the measurement is 9/10. What is <δx> in this case? Homework Equations State Vectors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state...
  23. R

    Plasma Cooling: Liquid or Reformed Element?

    Hello all, quick question: When Plasma cools what state does it return to? Is it a liquid or the state it was in before at room temperature? Do the atoms rearrange into what it was like before i.e. the same element or something completely different? Thank you
  24. T

    Average potential and kinetic energies for H ground state

    Homework Statement Calculate the average potential and kinetic energies for the electron in the ground state of hydrogen. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I know that KE = E - <U(r)>. I know that E = (-KZ^2e^2)/(2a0) and I know that U(r) = -KZe^2/r but I can't figure out how to...
  25. leafjerky

    Thermodynamics - Steady State Nozzle, find area of inlet/exit

    Homework Statement In a jet engine, a flow of air at 1000 K, 200 kPa, and 40 m/s enters a nozzle, where the air exits at 500 m/s and 90 kPa. What is the exit temperature, inlet area, and exit area, assuming no heat loss? Homework Equations min = mout = m where m = mass air flow dE/dt cv = Qcv...
  26. Anchovy

    Neutrino mass state = flavour state, but how come?

    I understand the basics of neutrino oscillation from the starting point of each neutrino flavour state being a superposition of mass states, or vice versa. However, the introductory texts I've seen never seem to explain what motivated such an idea. What made Pontecorvo think this?
  27. I

    Solving Equilibrium State Problems: Examples & Explanations

    Problems stated in attached pictures.So could someone explain me what am I doing wrong here this is solution for the example a) . I tried it twice and I am getting wrong results. Thanks in advance.
  28. O

    Bellman Equation, Dynamic Programming, state vs control

    Hi, I am proficient in standard dynamic programming techniques. In the standard textbook reference, the state variable and the control variable are separate entities. However, I have seen examples in economics, in which a single variable, let's say consumption, is both a state variable and a...
  29. F

    Finding the Steady State Solution for a RLC circuit

    Homework Statement An ideal AC voltage source generating an emf V (t) = V0 cosωt is connected in series with a resistance R, an inductance L, and a capacitance C. a) Find the steady-state solution for the charge, q(ω,t), which is of the form q0(ω)cos(ωt− δ(ω)). b) Find the steady-state...
  30. D

    Average number of particles/subsystems in a state

    Homework Statement A system in thermal equilibrium at temperature T consists of a large number of subsystems, each of which can exist only in two states of energy and , where . In the expressions that follow, k is the Boltzmann constant. For a system at temperature T, the average number of...
  31. A

    Caculating ground state energy using GTO

    Using the single-electron wave function ψ(r) = N*exp( −ζr2 ) with ζ a variational parameter, how can we calculate the best approximation for the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom?
  32. P

    What is the purpose of introducing the spin state along H

    The more detail you can see the attachment. I don't understand why Rabi translate the state along z axial to H axial as shown the equations (8).
  33. D

    Does electrical conduction require energy state changes?

    Molecules do not use magnetic energy as latent heat - adding magnetic energy does not cause a phase change. If electrical conduction indeed required energy state changes, then during electrical conduction, a change of energy state would likely consume magnetic energy as latent heat, instead of...
  34. B

    Non-uniqueness of the k-vector in Bloch state

    How to understand that Bloch wave solutions can be completely characterized by their behaviour in a single Brillouin zone? Given Bloch wave: \begin{equation*} \psi_{\mathbf{k}}(\mathbf{r}) = u_{\mathbf{k}}(\mathbf{r}) \exp (i\mathbf{k}\mathbf{r}) \end{equation*} I can write wavefunction for...
  35. J

    Oxidation state of oxygen in peroxides

    Homework Statement The oxidation state of oxygen in all compounds is -2, except in peroxides such as H2O2, Na2O2 and BaO2 where it is -1. If it is -1, then why can't we write H2O2 and Na2O2 as HO and NaO respectively?
  36. Summer95

    Ground state wavelength and uncertainty Bohr/deBroglie model

    A check my work question... Homework Statement Louis de Broglie tried to explain Bohr’s hydrogen atom electron orbits as being circles of just the right circumference such that an electron of the Bohr energy going around the circle will interfere constructively with itself. This seems to...
  37. Salvador

    Are there any materials where ions are the charge carriers instead of electrons?

    I was wondering , are there any materials , metal or others, that have ions as the charge carriers that form current instead of electrons as in most metals.? and are the ohmic resistance in room temperature for example similar to materials were current is formed by electrons or is the resistance...
  38. S

    Materials or Solid State Course?

    Hi everyone, I am a fourth year undergrad in physics. I am strongly considering graduate study in materials science, and I am wondering which course might have more impact both on my future studies and on admissions. The materials course seems like a broad overview of the subject, going over...
  39. kq6up

    Solid State Question: A Confusing Integral in Ashcroft

    I am trying to undersand Ashcroft's derivation of energy density on page 38. I am following most of the arguments save EQ 2.30. Where did the vector go? I did follow my professors argument for converting to polar/spherical when the argument of a function is a modulus of a vector — exploiting...
  40. chikou24i

    Best problems and solutions book in solid state physics

    What is the best book in solid state physics that contains problems and solutions?
  41. U

    State space vs classical control

    Hello, I have a fundamental question about why state space control techniques are superior to the classical methods. I l know that you can control a system with multiple inputs and outputs for several states using state space control, however, can't the same thing be done in classical control...
  42. C

    How Do You Expand a Hydrogen Atom State in an Orthonormal Basis?

    Homework Statement [/B] Consider a hydrogen atom which, in t = 0, is in the state given by \psi(\mathbf{r},t>0)=\frac{A}{4\pi}R_{10}(r)+\frac{cos\alpha}{4\pi}\left(\frac{z-\sqrt{2}x}{r}\right)R_{21}(r) Expand ψ in terms of the {Φnlm} basis of normalized eigenfunctions...
  43. leafjerky

    Designating States of Water [Thermo]

    Homework Statement Case, P[bar], T[C], v[m3/kg], u[kJ/kg], x[quality], State a) 1.5, ?, ?, 3000, ?, ? b) ?, 120, .6, ?, ?, ? c) 3, ?, ?, 2543.6, ?, ? d) ?, 190, ?, ?, 20%, ? e) 25, 100, ?, ?, ?, ? f) ?, 240, ?, ?, 0, ? Homework Equations We are supposed to use the steam tables in the back of...
  44. pellman

    What is the concept of a pure state in the electromagnetic field?

    In Ballentine's Quantum Mechanics book, as part of a discussion of pure states vs non-pure (mixed) states, he says Polarized monochromatic light produced by a laser can approximate a pure state of the electromagnetic field. Unpolarized monochromatic radiation and black body radiation are...
  45. JasonHathaway

    Solving Homework: Find Final State, Mass, Work & P-v Diagram

    Homework Statement A tank has a saturated liquid at 0.2 MPa. An amount of heat is transferred until the pressure in the tank became 0.1 MPa. If the volume of the tank 1 m3. Determine: 1- The final state of the water 2- The mass of the vapor in the tank 3- The work 4- The process on P-v...
  46. R

    Exploring Continuous Lasing Action in Solid State Lasers

    Hello I've been wondering how certain solid state lasers could have a continuous lasing action (Nd YAG laser for instance ) If so,the understanding that the best lasing conditions are when the temperature Is lowest gets disproved(considering that a commendable quantity of heat is produced during...
  47. Isaac0427

    News The candidates' views on the separation of church and state

    Hi all! As a republican (libertarian to be exact) I would only consider voting for 10 out of the 17 candidates (I mean, if I were voting age). The 7 I would never vote for are in that place because of their lack of understanding of the separation of church and state. I just don't understand how...
  48. D

    State Vectors as elements of Hilbert Space

    The state, ##| S\rangle##, say, of a system is represented as a vector in a Hilbert space. ##\psi (x, t)## is the representation of the state vector in the position eigenbasis; ##\psi (p, t)## in the momentum eigenbasis et cetera. That is, ##\psi (x, t) = \langle x|S\rangle##; ##\psi (p, t) =...
  49. Z

    Does exchange of identical particles lead to new state?

    Does an exchange of two identifical particles (electrons) lead to a new microscopic state?
  50. Rohan Patil

    Thermodynamics Entropy state function?

    Entropy of any system is state dependent. I just read about thermodynamics and I got this question. I first set my system which contained my classroom, the hallway connecting my physics teacher's cabin and the classroom. Then let the entropy of the system be S when I was going to the classroom...
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