What is State: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Ondo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State, Ondo State borders Ekiti State (formally part of the state) to the north, Kogi State to the northeast, Edo State to the east, Delta State to the southwest, Osun State to the northwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the south. The state's capital is Akure, the former capital of the ancient Akure Kingdom.
Nicknamed the "Sunshine State", Ondo State is the 18th largest state in the country. The state is predominantly Yoruba, and the Yoruba language is commonly spoken. The state economy is dominated by the petroleum industry, with cocoa production, asphalt mining, and activities utilizing the state's extensive coastline also serving as major economic factors.

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  1. H

    Mean value of energy <E> for a QM state?

    Homework Statement If the system is in a state |ψ> = 1/sqrt(6) |v1> + 1/sqrt(3) |v2> - i/sqrt(2) |v3> with Hamiltonian satisfying H|vj> = (2-j)a|vj> Find the mean value of energy <E> and the root mean square deviation √(<E2> - <E>2 ) that would result from making a number of measurements of...
  2. T

    Do all electrons orbit in the ground state, when the band ga

    Do all electrons orbit in the ground state, when the band gap, is increased, or decreased, as atoms come together to form molecules.? Like in glass, transparent liquids, and plastics. As atoms come together to form glass, like silicon, sodium, and calcium. Do the electrons orbital permanently...
  3. looseleaf

    I Triplet State Symmetric Wavefunction

    Hi everybody. I was reading about the singlet and triplet states. It makes sense that we use an antisymmetric wavefunction for the singlet state, as we are talking about two fermions. But why are we using a symmetric wavefunction for the Sz = 0 triplet state? Doesn't this go against the...
  4. F

    I Quantum superposition and its physical interpretation

    I understand that if we have a quantum mechanical system, then its state at some given time ##t## is fully described by a state vector ##\lvert\psi(t)\rangle## in a corresponding Hilbert space. This state vector containing all possible information about the distributions (of all possible values)...
  5. E

    State prediction equation for Kalman filter

    I have to filter data with Kalman filter. I know process error covariance Q and measurment error covariance R. Problem is with state transition matrix A, control matrix B and observation matrix H. First of all, data goes through this transfer function: ##W(s) = \frac{4s}{4s+1}## I can't get it...
  6. Sam I Am

    Solid State Beginners' Solid State & Electronics Textbooks

    I have found a couple other threads like this but I am looking for something at a very beginning level. I joined an experimental condensed matter group for the summer at the school where I will be matriculating as a first-year graduate student in the fall. They study various...
  7. S

    What is the voltage in the inductor or capacitor for a short/open circuit?

    Homework Statement {Moderator edit: The unlabeled resistance is given to be 3.2 Ω } finding v1 and v2 at t=0+ and t=0- is needed Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution ok I've found the currents by mesh analysis but how can i get the voltage?What voltage is in the inductor or capacitor...
  8. Harry Smith

    I Why does a sum of operators act on the state like this?

    I'm reading through my quantum physics lecture notes (see page 216 of the lecture notes for more details) and under the ladder operators section there is a discussion of the expectation value of ##L_x## for a state ##\psi = R(r) \left( \sqrt{ \frac{2}{3}} Y_{11} - \sqrt{ \frac{1}{3}} Y_{10}...
  9. M

    Solid State Physics - Modes of Oscillation of Atom

    Homework Statement [/B] My question is more about the math of the problem. For equation 22.97, how do I construct a 3x3 matrix from a 12 element series? After constructing the matrix should I set the determinant equal to 0 where I will find the determinant has 3 solutions (2 being...
  10. K

    I Understanding Internal State in Quantum Systems with Cold Atoms

    Hi all, I am reading some introducing materials on quantum information and quantum walk. In some materials, the author mentions to implement the related system with cold atoms and they mention the internal states. I learned the quantum mechanics some times ago but I didn't see any chapter in...
  11. M

    Total angular momentum state using two ways

    Consider addition of two angular momenta J = J1 + J2 , with j1=j2=1. Find the eigenstates of the total angular momentum I jm > in terms of the product states I j1 m1 j2 m2 > in two ways (a) Make use of the tables of the Clebech _Gordan coefficients (b) The state with m1 = m2 = 1 must be a...
  12. kq6up

    I How are Mixed State Ammonia Molecules Separated by an E-Field?

    I am working on a paper about Ammonia masers. It looks like Ammonia molecules are usually found in a superposition of even and odd parity states that are eigenstates of the inversion potential. That is the double well potential of the Nitrogen to tunnel through the Hydrogen plane. If it...
  13. M

    Quantum Mechanics-Spin State for Identical Particles

    Consider a system of two identical spin-1 particles. Find the spin states for this system that are symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to exchange of the two particles. (Problem 13.3, QUANTUM MECHANICS, David H. McIntyre) I know that for bosons, the total wavefunction should be symmetric...
  14. DarkMatter5

    Calculating the momentum operator in a quantum state

    Homework Statement A gaussian wave packet is given by the formula: Ψ(x)=(1/(π1/4d1/2))eikx-(x2/2d2) Calculate the expectation value in this quantum state of the momentum squared. Homework Equations <p2>=-ħ∫Ψ*(X) (d2Ψ(x)/dx2) dx ∫e(-x2/d2) dx= d√π ∫xe(-x2/d2) dx =0 ∫x2e(-x2/d2) dx = (d3√π)/2...
  15. Matt atkinson

    State Space Model for a Circuit R, L, C

    I have been struggling to solve the following problem for days. I was given the state space model of a circuit and asked to determine the system elements. So basically, I think I have to find a suitable circuit which describes the state space equation. I am not really sure how to approach this...
  16. JulienB

    Quantity of heat and changes of state

    Hi everybody! To begin I'd like to say a big thanks to everyone who helped me on the forum lately: I passed my exams recently and without your help I'm not sure I could have done it! 1. Homework Statement Now I'm on thermodynamics :) A mass m1 = 150g of water ice of temperature T1 = -10C is...
  17. F

    B Multi or single quantum state?

    Is Bose condensation state a multiparticle state or many single identical states? Can we apply Pauli principle to two electrons that one is on the Earth and the other is on the Moon?
  18. naima

    A Is the vacuum a thermal state?

    Please look at the wikipedia article about thermal coherent states. We can only consider the states centered at the origin (##\alpha## = 0). If i understand what is written the vacuum is a pecular thermal state in the limit of a null temperature. I can understand that no energy can be borrowed...
  19. S

    I Why is the spin of this state equal to one?

    I've just come across the spin states of a two electron system. There are 4 states possible and I am a little confused as to why the state below has values of s=1 m_s=0? [1/√2]{α(1)β(2)+α(2)β(1)} where α(i) and β(i) tell us if the particle has +ve or -ve z component of spin respectively. I...
  20. F

    I Difference between superposition and mixed state

    I get that a if we have complete information of the state of the system (i.e. all the possible knowledge we could have about it: the values its observables can take and their corresponding probabilities), then it is a pure state and can be represented by a vector (ket), ##\lvert\psi\rangle## in...
  21. F

    I What is meant by the terminology "single particle state"?

    I'm currently reading through a set of notes on statistical mechanics, and when it comes to deriving the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions it uses the terminology single-particle state. By this, is it meant that if the particles can be assumed independent, then each particle can be...
  22. amjad-sh

    Physics Experimental solid state physics

    Hello I wish if anybody can enlighten me about experimental solid state physics. What they do every day? I mean who enroll in this major what careers they can find after completing their master degree in it? Is their a ph.D related to this major?
  23. L

    A What kind of coherence do we have in the ground state of a harmonic oscillator?

    I am confused. In harmonic oscillator problem in quantum mechanics eigenstates of operator ##\hat{a}## are called coherent states. So we practically get Gaussian. In problem of quantum linear harmonic oscillator we have phonons ##|n \rangle##. In case of laser we have photons ##|n \rangle##...
  24. JohnGaltis

    On Polarised Light and its State

    Homework Statement Consider a beam of unpolarised light incident onto air from a crown-glass with a refractive index of 1.52. Determine the incident angle when the reflected light becomes completely polarised. What is the polarised state of the reflected light? Homework Equations Brewster's...
  25. P

    Prove relation for squeezed state - Quantum Information

    Homework Statement Prove the following relation for ##\zeta:=r e^{i \theta}##: S(\zeta)^\dagger a S(\zeta)= a \cosh r - a^\dagger e^{i \theta} \sinh r with ##S(\zeta)=e^{1/2[\zeta^\ast a^2-\zeta(a^\dagger)^2]}## and ##a## being the annihilation operator with eigenvalue ##\alpha##...
  26. grandpa2390

    Express dH(V,T) as a state function

    Homework Statement the entire problem is to show that the enthalpy as a function of volume and temperature can be expressed in the form:... I am having trouble with the first step. Homework Equations dH = TdS + VdP ##dH = (\frac{∂H}{∂S})dS + (\frac{∂H}{∂P})dP## The Attempt at a Solution I...
  27. F

    A Hadronic era equation of state

    Hello, I was wondering : going back in time up to the time when the universe is hot enough to create nucleons particle antiparticle pairs, when we are not much above this temperature threshold, the nucleons can not be considered ultrarelativistic and if they carry a fraction of the energy...
  28. E

    I Rotational-Vibrational Energy state equation derivation

    I am having a mental block at the moment and for some reason I can't seem to derive these two equations: From this equation: Any assistance would be much appreciated!
  29. L

    A Performing Bell State Measurement in Teleportation

    Most protocols on Quantum Teleportation (using Alice and Bob as performers) include a crucial step where Alice performs a Bell State Measurement. Usually the applicable math is given in the protocol, but many protocols make the following kind of statement with no explanation: "Alice must...
  30. J

    I Regarding Electrochromic device coloring state

    Hello, I tried to figure out that how smart window works and I had read several papers and web-pages. I did understand how colour centres in WO3 thin film works which is described at page 820 of the paper of Deb, S. K. Recent papers, related to electrochromic window, are using electrolytes...
  31. T

    I The most general state function

    From my studying of QM, I have been learning about state functions that are supposed to describe a particular system. Now for most purposes, it seems that I have been computing the position wave function (or, through Fourier transforms, the momentum) which evolves with time. But I am just...
  32. J

    A Quantum versus classical computation of the density of state

    Hi, If I consider for instance N non interacting particles in a box, I can compute the energy spectrum quantum mechanically, and thus the number of (quantum) microstates corresponding to a total energy between $E_0$ and $E_0 + \delta E$. In the limit of large quantum numbers, the result is well...
  33. entropy1

    B Question: Can State Only Be Formulated Relating to Observable?

    Can a state only be formulated with respect to an observable in consideration? That is to say, does the formulation of the state depend on the particular observable in consideration? Thanks.
  34. S

    Change in ground state energy due to perturbation

    Homework Statement Consider a quantum particle of mass m in one dimension in an infinite potential well , i.e V(x) = 0 for -a/2 < x < a/2 , and V(x) =∞ for |x| ≥ a/2 . A small perturbation V'(x) =2ε|x|/a , is added. The change in the ground state energy to O(ε) is: Homework Equations The...
  35. ltkach2015

    Why Time Response Characteristics Derived from Zero State Equation

    QUESTION: 1) Why are Time Response Characteristic's Expressions derived from only from Zero State Equations? NOTE: Nise Control Systems Engineering 6ed uses step inputs to derive Time Response Characteristics for 1st and 2nd order ordinary differential equations...
  36. S

    I What is the spin quantum number of an atom in 4P state?

    If an atom described by spin-orbit coupling is in a 4P state, why is the spin quantum number s=3/2?
  37. P

    I Diamagnetism vs. paramagnetism in solid state

    I am studying some solid state physics, in particular magnetism; I have a few questions about the explanations. My understanding is that paramagnetism is primarily an effect of the electron's spin-angular momentum: an unpaired electron will have a dipole moment which preferentially aligns with...
  38. T

    Steady State Distillation Process

    A steady state distillation process is shown diagrammatically as FIGURE 1. Assuming no heat losses to the atmosphere: (i) Write four balanced equations for this system. (ii) Identify where any constitutive equations may be required for the modelling processes.There are two states that I can...
  39. marcus

    A Weinberg: Quantum Mechanics Without State Vectors

    Steven Weinberg has made what he calls a "modest proposal": http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.3483 Quantum Mechanics Without State Vectors Steven Weinberg (Submitted on 14 May 2014) It is proposed to give up the description of physical states in terms of ensembles of state vectors with various...
  40. M

    I Measuring entangled state of degenerate eigenstates

    Let's suppose that we have an entangled state of two systems ##A## and ##B##: $$ \frac{1}{2}\left(|\psi_1 \phi_1\rangle+|\psi_2 \phi_2\rangle \right) $$ where ##|\psi \rangle## and ##|\phi \rangle## are energy eigenstates of ##A## and ##B## respectively. However the eigenstates##|\phi_1\rangle##...
  41. j3dwards

    Circuit settles to steady state and switch is opened

    Homework Statement The circuit consists of three identical light bulbs and two identical coils, connected to a DC current source. The ohmic resistance of the coils is negligible. The system is left to settle into a steady state and then the switch S is opened. Describe and explain in as much...
  42. A

    Solid State Best solid state physics textbook that can replace Kittel

    Hello I am having a really bad semester with solid state physics material, the book "introduction to solid state physics" by kittel is hard to follow and vague also it doesn't provide good explanations, always brief and fast. More than that my prof. is really good but have problems in...
  43. I

    Position representation of coherent state and time evolution

    Homework Statement I ended up solving the problem as I was typing it up, I am posting what I did anyway as it took so long to type and might be useful to someone else. I am trying to figure out the position representation of a coherent state and it's time evolution. I should be getting a...
  44. chikou24i

    Solid state / condensed matter physics books

    Can you give the name of an excited book of solid state / condensed matter physics ( beside kittel and ashcroft ) ? a book than contains more talking about experimental rather than theory
  45. RJLiberator

    PDE: Annulus question, Steady State Temperature

    Homework Statement Suppose the inner side of the annulus {(r,Φ): r_0 ≤ r ≤ 1} is insulated and the outer side is held at temperature u(1,0) = f(Φ). a) Find the steady-state temperature b) What is the solution if f(Φ) = 1+2sinΦ ? Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution a) A =...
  46. F

    B When are particles in a quantum state?

    These are just a few quick and simple questions. When are particles in a quantum state? Are they always in a quantum state in-between interactions, or once interacted with are they never in a quantum state again? At the instant of the big bang was everything in a quantum state? If so, what...
  47. S

    Virtual work principle: equilibrium state of a system

    Homework Statement We have a system (see attached graphics) of two rods with length ##l## and mass ##m## and some external force ##F##. The coefficients ##k## of the two springs are given. The springs have no deformation when ##\varphi =0##. a) Find generalized force of the system. b) Determine...
  48. acdurbin953

    Is state an energy eigenstate of the infinite square well

    Homework Statement Is state ψ(x) an energy eigenstate of the infinite square well? ψ(x) = aφ1(x) + bφ2(x) + cφ3(x) a,b, and c are constants Homework Equations Not sure... See attempt at solution. The Attempt at a Solution I have no idea how to solve, and my book does not address this type...
  49. amjad-sh

    Proving Bound State Exists for V(x)=-aV_0δ(x)

    Homework Statement Consider V(x)=-aV_{0}δ(x). Show that it admits a bound state of energy E=-ma^2V_{0}/2\hbar^{2}.Are there any other bound states?Hint:solve Schrodinger's equation outside the potential for E<0, and keep only the solution that has the right behavior at infinity and is...
  50. KastorPhys

    I Representation between State Vector & Wave Function

    By the Principle of Superposition, a state vector can be defined as pic.01 also, the state vector can represent a wave function in a continuous case as pic.02 My (1) question is, in pic.03, why the state vector can be pulled out from the integral? I have an idea but I think it should be...
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