What is Potential: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Potential generally refers to a currently unrealized ability. The term is used in a wide variety of fields, from physics to the social sciences to indicate things that are in a state where they are able to change in ways ranging from the simple release of energy by objects to the realization of abilities in people. The philosopher Aristotle incorporated this concept into his theory of potentiality and actuality, a pair of closely connected principles which he used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his aPhysics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima, which is about the human psyche. That which is potential can theoretically be made actual by taking the right action; for example, a boulder on the edge of a cliff has potential to fall that could be actualized by pushing it over the edge. Several languages have a potential mood, a grammatical construction that indicates that something is potential. These include Finnish, Japanese, and Sanskrit.In physics, a potential may refer to the scalar potential or to the vector potential. In either case, it is a field defined in space, from which many important physical properties may be derived. Leading examples are the gravitational potential and the electric potential, from which the motion of gravitating or electrically charged bodies may be obtained. Specific forces have associated potentials, including the Coulomb potential, the van der Waals potential, the Lennard-Jones potential and the Yukawa potential. In electrochemistry there are Galvani potential, Volta potential, electrode potential, and standard electrode potential. In the
thermodynamics, the term potential often refers to thermodynamic potential.

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  1. Pushoam

    Exploring Magnetic Field and Potential: Solving for Correct Options

    Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Using ## \nabla \times \vec A = \vec B##. I got that both ##\v A_1 ~~and~~ \vec A_2 ## produce ## \vec B##. So, the correct option is (d). Is this correct? [/B]
  2. Pushoam

    Relation between chemical potential and S,V,T,P

    Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a SolutionChemical potential is defined as ## \mu = Gibbs potential per particle ##. So, is the system consists of N particles, ##\mu = \frac { G } {N } ##. Now, dG = VdP – SdT ## \frac {dG } { N } = \frac { VdP } { N } - \frac { SdT }...
  3. J

    Calculating Potential Energy in a Rotary Mousetrap Spring System

    Homework Statement Calculate the potential energy created by the spring in the mousetrap as a function of the angle the spring is pulled back. Homework Equations PE = ∫Fdx = ∫ kxdx = ∫k rΘ rdΘ ?? The Attempt at a Solution Is this a linear spring? we can use x = rΘ, and dx = rdΘ, so PE =...
  4. S

    Graphics illustrating vector potential for plane EM wave

    I'm looking for a diagram or animation that shows the vector potential A (in the form of arrows or whatever) superimposed on the E and B fields of a plane EM wave. Since A is not unique, maybe two or three versions of the diagram (including one with Coulomb guage). An animation with a slider to...
  5. allison west

    Vector Potential of a Rotating Mangetic Dipole

    Homework Statement A rotating magnetic dipole is built by two oscillating magnetic dipole moments, one along the y-axis and one along the x-axis. Find the vector potential at a point: (0, 0, ##z_0##) along the z-axis. Then find the magnetic field at ##z_0## . As the magnetic field is a function...
  6. J6204

    Hill Cipher- Potential Cribs for 3x3 Matrix

    Homework Statement I've created code to crack a Hill Cipher (n=3). I'm unsure which cribs to try to crack a specific code. Would anyone mind posting ideas? The crib must be 9 letters in length. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution
  7. F

    Standard chemical potential and activity of asphaltene

    Hi , this is my equation : μA= μA0 + RTlnaA A is the asphaltene in toluene solution . i want to calculate μA in different temperatures. where can i get μA0 and aA? tables? other equations? μA0 is the standard chemical potential of asphaltene and aA is the asphaltene activity in solution.
  8. E

    Probability of penetrating a potential barrier

    Homework Statement The probability for a particle of energy E<<V0 to penetrate a potential barrier of height V0 and width d is approximately \frac{16E}{V_0}exp\left[\frac{-2d\sqrt{2m(V_0-E)}}{\hbar}\right]. An electron moves between two potential barriers of height V0 and 2v0 that are of widths...
  9. B

    Where is the gravitational potential energy?

    I am confused on where the gravitational potential energy is in this solution. Thank you
  10. Steven Robinson

    How to calculate max current potential in a windmill generator....

    Hi, new member with a question that I might be asking wrong. A week ago I read an article or something on building a windmill generator, which I come back to every few years. So, this week, I was reading about how to calculate the voltage based on loops, turns, Teslas, area, RPMs and such, and I...
  11. M

    Determining speed of electron in a parallel plate capacitor

    Homework Statement A proton is released from rest at the positive plate of a parallel plate capacitor. It crosses the capacitor and reaches the negative plate with a speed of 50,000 m/s. What will be the final speed of an electron released from rest at the negative plate? Homework Equations...
  12. B

    Adding a constant to potential energy doesn't change action?

    Hello. I've been watching Susskind's online Stanford lectures on classical mechanics to review the subject, and I believe he said that adding a constant to the potential energy does not change the action of a system. I see how it doesn't change the Euler-Lagrange equations and therefore...
  13. Leah12

    What is the Elastic Potential Energy of a Toy Car's Spring?

    The force constant of the spring in a child’s toy car is 550 N/m. How much elastic potential energy is stored in the spring if the spring is compressed a distance of 0.012m? The formula for spring force is F =kx When I do 550 x 0.012m I get 6.6 but I am supposed to round my answer four decimal...
  14. Leah12

    Potential Energy Problem -- GPE of a person at 5334m above sea level

    1. With an elevation of 5334 m above sea level, the village of Aucanquilca, Chile, is the highest inhabited town in the world. What would be the gravitational potential energy associated with a 64.0 kg person in Aucanquilca? Assume that the free-fall acceleration at Aucanquilca is equal to that...
  15. M

    Integration of an interaction force to find potential energy

    Homework Statement A particle that can move along the x-axis experiences an interaction force Fx=(3x2−5x) N where x is in m. Find an expression for the system's potential energy. Express your answer in terms of the variables x and the constant of integration C, where C is in joules. Homework...
  16. RJLiberator

    QM: 1D Potential Well Spring - Energy Levels

    Homework Statement 1D Potential V(x) = mw^2x^2/2, part of a harmonic oscillator. Suppose that the spring can only be stretched, so that the potential becomes V=infinity for x<0. What are the energy levels of this system? Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I argued my way though this...
  17. A

    External Forces and Potential Difference

    Homework Statement The work done by an external force to move a -8.0 uC charge from point a to point b is 25*10^-4 Joules. If the charge was started from rest and had 5.2 * 10^-4 Joules of kinetic energy when it reached point b, what must be the potential difference between a and b? Homework...
  18. A

    Accelerated Electron and its Potential Energy

    Homework Statement An electron acquires 3.16*10^-16 J of kinetic energy when it is accelerated by an electric field from plate A to plate B. What is the potential difference between the plates, and which plate is at the higher potential. Homework Equations w =Δv * q The Attempt at a Solution...
  19. C

    Potential difference in multi cell circuit

    Homework Statement Find potential difference between a and b in the figure Homework Equations Q=cv The Attempt at a Solution can anybody tell me how to apply the equation in this problem with more than one cell [/B]
  20. A

    Negative work and electric potential energy

    I am confused how a charge could have negative work done. To clarify, I was doing a problem earlier in which a positive charge and negative charge are moving towards each other. I used the equation work = Δv * q And when I was doing this, the change in electric potential, Δv, was negative, and...
  21. K

    Potential and kinetic force of an arrow shot at space.

    Assume a person is at space, and assume there's no friction or gravitational force in that space. The person has a bow and arrow. He stretches the arrow on the bow, and then shots the arrow out in the space. Since there are no friction and gravitational force in that space, the arrow will have...
  22. C

    Using Conservation of Energy to Analyze a Potential Energy Graph

    Homework Statement I'm trying to figure out how to do D) and relate time to this potential energy graph. Homework Equations All I really know is that F = -dU/dx The Attempt at a Solution I tried to do something with F = ma and a = d2x/ dt2 and then set the - derivative of U(x) equal to the...
  23. V

    Find potential between 2 conc. cyl. with grounded strip

    Homework Statement Two concentric cylinders with radii a & b (b>a) with an infinitely long grounded strip along the z-direction are given potentials \phi_1 and \phi_2. Find \Phi(r,\phi) for a<r<b Boundary conditions: \Phi(r,2n\pi)=0 \Phi(a,\phi)=\phi_1 \Phi(b,\phi)=\phi_2 Homework...
  24. B

    Non-conservative work energy theorem and potential energy

    Here is problem I quickly made up: Suppose there is a ramp with a height of 6 meters and length of 12 meters. A block of 5 kg is pushed up to the top of the ramp with a constant velocity. The force of friction is 15 N. Here's the confusion: By using the non-conservative force work energy...
  25. B

    Gravitational potential energy and continuous matter

    The gravitational potential energy of two massic points ##P_1## and ##P_2## with respective masses ##m_1## and ##m_2## is given by $$U = -G \frac{m_1 m_2}{|| P_2 - P_1 ||}$$ Now I was wondering how this formula could be applied to continuous matter. Let us imagine a very simple case where we...
  26. M

    Relationship Between Energy, Force, Potential, and Field

    I was answering the question, "Since electric potential is always proportional to potential energy, why bother with the concept of potential at all?" I answered that this is because Electric Potential Energy requires a test charge to calculate, Electric Potential is present without a test...
  27. zonde

    I GR: Mass of Potential Energy in Weak Field Limit

    There is something that has been bothering me for some time about binding energy (and respective mass difference) but I was not sure how to formulate the question. Now it feels like I can ask it meaningfully enough. In GR energy produces gravity just like mass. But how potential energy is...
  28. V

    Potential energy of a ball on top of a vertical rod

    Homework Statement The problem is to take a small ball of mass m on a uniform rod of mass m which is hung on a hinge vertically downward, they're asking to find the velocity to be imparted for it undergo a complete rotation. I have the kinetic energy bit worked out but I'm getting the wrong...
  29. RJLiberator

    Expressing expectation values of a particle moving in a periodic potential

    Homework Statement A particle moving in a periodic potential has one-dimensional dynamics according to a Hamiltonian ## \hat H = \hat p_x^2/2m+V_0(1-cos(\hat x))## a) Express ## \frac{d <\hat x>}{dt}## in terms of ##<\hat p_x>##. b) Express ## \frac{d <\hat p_x>}{dt}## in terms of ##<sin(\hat...
  30. D

    Finding the decrease in potential energy of atwood machine

    Homework Statement In the system below, m1<m2. When the object of mass m2 has descended a distance h, the potential energy of the system has decreased by: Homework Equations the answer is (m2-m1)gh The Attempt at a Solution I used ΔU= Uf-Ui m1gh-m2gh=ΔU (I think that the decrease in...
  31. A

    Elastic potential energy problem

    Homework Statement A 1.00kg mass and 2.00kg mass are set gently on a platform mounted on an ideal spring of force constant 40.0 N/m. The 2.00 kg mass is suddenly removed. How high above its starting position does the 1.00 kg mass reach? Related to it... An 87 g box is attached to a spring with...
  32. V

    B Can Fermions Exhibit Negative Chemical Potential Like Bosons?

    Is possible and what does it mean if a chemical potential is negative? I mean that for boson it means that in environment is "needed" boson (photon) and is possible to create him. Is it true? And what about for fermions? Could it mean that it is pleasent for environment to creat some fermion? Or...
  33. V

    Earth Potential: Why Is It Considered Zero?

    Why is the potential of the Earth taken as zero ? Putting the question in other words:: All earthing is done to the ground. Over the years every singe charge in excess is grounded to the earth. Even then why is it so that the potential of the Earth is considered to be zero ??
  34. N

    I think there are mistakes in the concept that I'm applying -- Charged sphere's potential

    Homework Statement A sphere of radius R has a volume charge density proportional to distance from center. Total charge contained in the sphere is Q. If electric potential at infinity is taken to be zero , potential at it's center is Homework Equations Here given are ρ= βr where β is a constant...
  35. DoobleD

    When does the vector potential A affect the E field?

    This is probably fairly simple, but I have a hard time to grasp the concept of the vector potential A in electromgnetism. Especially, in the following equation for the electric field : \vec{E} = - \nabla V - \frac{\partial \vec{A}}{\partial t} When does the second term is not 0 ?
  36. C

    Finding the potential energy of a gravitational force?

    Sorry if something is wrong... this is my first ever post 1. Homework Statement The Question: In one dimension, the magnitude of the gravitational force of attraction between a particle of mass M1, and one of mass M2 is given by: F(r)=GM1M2/r^2 Where G is a constant and x is the distance...
  37. Jonathan Scott

    A Pressure and Newtonian potential energy

    Recent discussions on pressure as a source of gravity and the related Tolman paradox have reminded me that few people seem to be aware that even in Newtonian gravity the pressure is related to the potential energy, which I've mentioned a few times on these forums before. This is easy to show...
  38. P

    Potential flows and Helmholtz decomposition

    Hi. I'm studying fluid dynamics and in particular potential flows. I know that for an irrotational flow the velocity field is a conservative field and it can be rapresented by the gradient of a scalar field v=-∇Φ. In this case the explicit form of Φ is something like a line integral between a...
  39. W

    Thermodynamic Identity: Chemical Potential

    Homework Statement Homework Equations Thermodynamic Identity The Attempt at a Solution While I was able to work out the problem with the help of the hint, I couldn't completely understand the implication of said hint. The hint suggests that the equations for Chemical Potential in a process...
  40. 6

    Find the path of a particle given a potential function.

    I am tasked with finding the path a particle takes through this potential field. $$U(x,y) = x^2+xy+y^2$$ I then took the gradient, and this produced a pair of differential equations. $$\frac{d^2x}{dt^2}=\frac{1}{m}(-2x-y)$$ $$\frac{d^2x}{dt^2}=\frac{1}{m}(-2y-x)$$ I have yet to encounter set of...
  41. D

    Electron accelerated through a potential and magnetic field

    Homework Statement (a) What voltage will accelerate electrons to a speed of ##6.00 \times 10^{-7} m/s## ? (b) Find the radius of curvature of the path of a proton accelerated through this potential in a 0.500-T field and compare this with the radius of curvature of an electron accelerated...
  42. G

    Electric Potential Energy - Final Velocity

    Homework Statement Four protons (each with mass 1.7 10-27 kg and charge 1.6 10-19 C) are initially held at the corners of a square that is 7.1 10-9 m on a side. They are then released from rest. What is the speed of each proton when the protons are very far apart? (You may assume that the...
  43. Ahmed Abdalla

    Why do we use Taylor expansion expressing potential energy

    My textbook doesn’t go into it, can someone tell me why Taylor expansion is used to express spring potential energy? A lot of the questions I do I think I can just use F=-Kx and relate it to U(x) being F=-Gradiant U(x) but I see most answers using the Taylor expansion instead to get 1/2 kx^2...
  44. Pushoam

    Mean thermal energy of a system with given potential energy

    Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution ## V(r) = \frac 1{r^3} \left( A - Br^2 \right )## At the bottom of the well, r is verry small. So, ## V(r) = \frac A{r^3}## Assuming the validation of Equipartition of energy theorem, since the degrees of freedom is 1, the...
  45. V

    B Schrödinger Equation for the fusion of Deuterium(2H) and a Proton(H)

    In fact I am not sure if this is the right place to ask such a question but I'm going to ask anyways, just tell me if I am in the wrong place. So I doing a little experiment with the Schröndinger's equation, but the problem is I can't find a certain function. You all know the Schrödingers...
  46. MathematicalPhysicist

    Derivation of the expansion of the potential in rectangular coordinates

    Homework Statement I want to derive the expansion of ##\Phi(x)## in rectangular coordinates: $$ \Phi(\vec{x}) = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \bigg[ \frac{q}{r}+\frac{\vec{p}\cdot \vec{x}}{r^3}+\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i,j} Q_{ij} \frac{x_ix_j}{r^5}+\ldots\bigg]$$ Homework Equations $$\vec{p}= \int...
  47. O

    Potential energy of particle in gravitational field of disk

    Homework Statement I have a particle of mass m. The particle is moving in direction of axis z because of the gravitational force of a homogeneous circular disk of mass M and radius a. There is a formula for gravitational force of the disk on the picture. Task: 1) Find the formula of...
  48. S

    B Quantum entanglement and potential wells

    I've read that two electrons can become entangled in a "potential well," which is a point where potential energy is lowest compared to its surroundings. Is this correct? What does this have to do with entangling particles?
  49. D

    Potential Energy and Force Between Capacitor Plates

    Hello guys, came across some Analytical Physics lectures (http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/227_f11/classes/lect08.pdf) that got me confused. It is described in the lecture the problem of determining the force between capacitor plates for a constant voltage (ie. connected to a battery). For...
  50. A

    Potential on the axis of a uniformly charged cylinder

    Homework Statement Posting here because it was over a previous homework assignment and I don't understand the solution that was given out. For reference, the problem is 2.27 is Griffiths' Introduction to Electrodynamics. It reads "Find the potential on the axis of a uniformly charged solid...
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