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Dative bonding, also known as coordinate bonding, is a type of chemical bonding in which two atoms share a pair of electrons, with one atom providing both electrons. This results in a bond between the two atoms, similar to a covalent bond.
While both dative bonding and covalent bonding involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms, in dative bonding, one atom provides both electrons while in covalent bonding, each atom provides one electron to form a shared pair.
The Lewis base is the atom that donates the electron pair, while the Lewis acid is the atom that accepts the electron pair. In dative bonding, the Lewis base and Lewis acid form a coordinate covalent bond.
Some common examples of compounds that exhibit dative bonding are metal complexes, such as hemoglobin (iron complexed with a heme group) and vitamin B12 (cobalt complexed with a corrin ring). Ammonia (NH3) is also a common example of a molecule that forms dative bonds with hydrogen ions.
Dative bonding helps to stabilize molecules by allowing atoms to share electrons and achieve a more stable electron configuration. This can also increase the strength of a molecule's bonds, making it less likely to break apart.