# Trigonometric Integration

#### Yuuki

##### Member
how do i integrate the fifth power of a secant?
i broke it up into powers of two and three but that didn't seem to work

#### MarkFL

##### Administrator
Staff member
Re: trig integrate

I think your initial move is a good one:

$$\displaystyle \int\sec^5(x)\,dx=\int\sec^3(x)\cdot\sec^2(x)\,dx$$

Now, on the squared factor, apply a Pythagorean identity, and you should then have something you can work with.

#### Yuuki

##### Member
Re: trig integrate

i still can't work it out.
how do i integrate sec^3[x]*tan^2[x]??

#### shamieh

##### Active member
Or you can use the $$\displaystyle tan^n x$$ formula I think

#### MarkFL

##### Administrator
Staff member
Re: trig integrate

i still can't work it out.
how do i integrate sec^3[x]*tan^2[x]??
After having thought about it while I was away, I think integration by parts is a better method.

$$\displaystyle I=\int\sec^5(x)\,dx=\int\sec^3(x)\cdot\sec^2(x)\,dx$$

Let:

$$\displaystyle u=sec^3(x)\,\therefore\,du=3\sec^3(x)\tan(x)\,dx$$

$$\displaystyle dv=\sec^2(x)\,dx\,\therefore\,v=\tan(x)$$

And so we have:

$$\displaystyle I=\sec^3(x)\tan(x)-3\int \sec^3(x)\tan^2(x)\,dx$$

Now use a Pythagorean identity on $\tan^2(x)$.

#### HallsofIvy

##### Well-known member
MHB Math Helper
Although it is probably harder, my first reaction would be to write that secant as "1 over cosine": $$\int \frac{dx}{cos^5(x)}$$. And since that is an odd power, I can multiply numerator and denominator by cos(x) to get an even power in the denominator: $$\int \frac{cos(x)}{cos^6(x)}dx$$.

Now, use $$cos^2(x)= 1- sin^2(x)$$ (so essentially using that "Pythagorean theorem" as MarkFL suggested). $$\int \frac{cos(x)}{(1- sin^2(x))^6} dx$$.\

Let u= sin(x), du= cos(x) and that becomes $$\int \frac{1}{1- x^2)^6}dx= \int\frac{1}{(1- x)^6(1+ x)^6}dx$$ and we can use "partial fractions".

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#### Prove It

##### Well-known member
MHB Math Helper
Although it is probably harder, my first reaction would be to write that secant as "1 over cosine": $$\int \frac{dx}{cos^5(x)}$$. And since that is an odd power, I can multiply numerator and denominator by cos(x) to get an even power in the denominator: $$\int \frac{cos(x)}{cos^6(x)}dx$$.

Now, use $$cos^2(x)= 1- sin^2(x)$$ (so essentially using that "Pythagorean theorem" as MarkFL suggested). $$\int \frac{cos(x)}{(1- sin^2(x))^6} dx$$.\

Let u= sin(x), du= cos(x) and that becomes $$\int \frac{1}{1- x^2)^6}dx= \int\frac{1}{(1- x)^6(1+ x)^6}dx$$ and we can use "partial fractions".
Surely you mean

\displaystyle \begin{align*} \frac{1}{\cos^5{(x)}} &= \frac{\cos{(x)}}{\cos^6{(x)}} \\ &= \frac{\cos{(x)}}{\left[ \cos^2{(x)} \right] ^3} \\ &= \frac{\cos{(x)}}{\left[ 1 - \sin^2{(x)} \right] ^3} \\ &= \frac{\cos{(x)}}{\left[ 1 - \sin{(x)} \right] ^3 \left[ 1 + \sin{(x)} \right] ^3 } \end{align*}

On another note, this is the approach I would take too.