The main principles of physics involved in roller coaster dynamics are gravity, inertia, and centripetal force. The coaster's initial potential energy is converted into kinetic energy as it descends, and the kinetic energy allows it to overcome inertia and climb the next hill. Centripetal force is also used to keep the coaster on the track as it turns.
Roller coasters are designed with various safety features such as restraint systems, anti-rollback mechanisms, and multiple braking systems. Engineers also carefully calculate the forces and stresses on the coaster track and cars to ensure they can withstand the high speeds and sharp turns.
The main difference between steel and wooden roller coasters is the material used for the track. Steel coasters have a smoother track and can handle sharper turns and higher speeds, while wooden coasters have a rougher track and tend to have more lateral movement. Steel coasters also offer a wider variety of track designs and can be taller and more complex.
Roller coasters use a combination of potential and kinetic energy to maintain their speed. The initial drop provides the coaster with a large amount of potential energy, which is then converted into kinetic energy as it descends. The coaster's speed is maintained through carefully calculated hills and turns that use the force of gravity and the coaster's momentum to keep it moving.
In addition to the design and engineering safety features, roller coasters also undergo regular inspections and maintenance to ensure their safety. They also have strict height and weight restrictions for riders and require all riders to follow safety rules and properly use restraint systems. In case of emergency, roller coasters are equipped with emergency brakes and evacuation procedures.