Physical reality EM potentials

[da_willem]

I just learned the scalar and vector potentials arising from the electric and magnetic fields have a physical reality in relation to quantum mechanical effects, such as the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Contrary to what I've learned from my course on electrodynamics (Griffiths) this sure must mean they propagate with a finite speed.

Can you say that from maxwells equations they must have the same velocity as the fields?

Are there any other effects than a change in phase of a particles wavefunction observed or found?

And is the velocity at which the potential propagate experimentally measured?

 

[speeding electron]

The value of the electric and magnetic fields are determined by the value of the respective potentials, and vice versa. Therefore the fields must propagate at the same speed as the fields. This is pretty much by definition, and if the potentials traveled say faster than the fields, you would just have a different for the fields corresponding to those potentials. We would have two values for the field in the same place, an obvious contradiction.
In non-relativistic QM, electro-magnetic efects are brought in by their changing the phase of a wavefuction. So that is the one effect of them. I cannot speak for QFT.
In answer to the last question: Not that I know of - but again, we can measure the speed of the potentials by measuring the speed of the fields.

 

[hellfire]

Can you say that from maxwells equations they must have the same velocity as the fields?

You can derive a wave equation for the electric and the magnetic fields fom Faraday’s and Ampere’s laws (no other equation is needed).

On the other hand, making use of the definitions of the vector and scalar potentials and substituting into Faraday’s and Ampere’s law, you can then either (a) impose the Lorenz gauge and obtain a wave equation for the scalar and vector potential or (b) impose the Coulomb gauge and get a Poisson equation for an ‘instantaneous’ scalar potential.

I am not sure how this has to be interpreted and I cannot answer the other questions.

[Sorry, I did not read the previous post of speeding_electron]

 

[dextercioby]

I just learned the scalar and vector potentials arising from the electric and magnetic fields have a physical reality in relation to quantum mechanical effects, such as the Aharonov-Bohm effect.

That's right.

Contrary to what I've learned from my course on electrodynamics (Griffiths),this sure must mean they propagate with a finite speed.

What do you mean??What did Griffiths say?From what u've written above,the author claims that QM effects (or is it the EM potentials) propagate with infinite speed.That's not right.Propagation of QM effects and EM potentials should be treated in a relativistic context.Either classical or quantum electrodynamics.
Either way,the best book on classical electrodynamics is J.D.Jackson's.I would advise you to read all of it.

Can you say that from maxwells equations they must have the same velocity as the fields?

Yes.It's an immediate result.Substiuing the definitions for the potentials in the original Maxwell's equations and chosing the covariant gauge Lorenz-Lorentz will give the wave equation for each of the potentials.

And is the velocity at which the potential propagate experimentally measured?

No,basically we can measure the fields (the electric and magnetic ones) only.The vector potential cannot be measured.I don't know about the scalar...I think not.
Either way,probably Jackson's book sets it straight.

 

[da_willem]

I know the finite speed of the fields can be derived from two of the Maxwell equations. But my confusion arises from the statement Griffiths made that the velocity of propagation of the scalar potential is infinite. At least in the Coulomb gauge (as said by hellfire). This does not matter for the speed of the fields because these also depend on the magnetic vector potential which does have a finite speed.

But the speed of the scalar potential cannot depend on the gauge. But in the formula for the electric Aharonov-Bohm effect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharonov-Bohm_effect) the potential appears, and causes a change in QM phase, so must be real. But how can something physically real have an infinite speed. The formula uses a difference in potential so does not depend on your gauge. And the speed of V sure does nor depend on your gauge, or does it...?

 

[speeding electron]

Check again - I'm pretty sure the scalar potential propagates at a finite speed.

 

[da_willem]

I quote from Griffiths "introduction to electrodynamics" paragraph 10.1.3 Coulomb and Lorentz Gauge.

There is a peculiar thing about the scalar potential in the Coulomb gauge: it is determined by the distribution of charge right now . If I move an electron in my laboratory, the potential V on the moon immediately records this change. That sounds particularly odd in the light of special relativity, which allows no message to travel faster than the speed of light. The point is that V by itself is not a measurable quantity-all the ma on the moon can measure is E , and that involves A as well.

How can this be true, in the light of the electrical Aharonov-Bohm effect? Is Griffiths just plain false? Is this only part of the story?

 

[dextercioby]

I quote from Griffiths "introduction to electrodynamics" paragraph 10.1.3 Coulomb and Lorentz Gauge.


How can this be true, in the light of the electrical Aharonov-Bohm effect? Is Griffiths just plain false? Is this only part of the story?

Coulomb gauge (a.k.a. radiation gauge) appears in the consistent Hamiltonian analysis
of the free classical EM field and,hence,implies the inconsistency with the SR,as the Hamiltonian formalism implies breaking the equivalence between time and space coordinates as coordinates of a flat Riemannian manifold.
To avoid any weird results,you should be using the relativistic consistent Lorenz-Lorentz gauge.And Ahararonov-Bohm effect does not contradict the second principle of SR.

 

[Creator]

I know the finite speed of the fields can be derived from two of the Maxwell equations. But my confusion arises from the statement Griffiths made that the velocity of propagation of the scalar potential is infinite. At least in the Coulomb gauge (as said by hellfire). This does not matter for the speed of the fields because these also depend on the magnetic vector potential which does have a finite speed.

But the speed of the scalar potential cannot depend on the gauge. But in the formula for the electric Aharonov-Bohm effect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharonov-Bohm_effect) the potential appears, and causes a change in QM phase, so must be real. But how can something physically real have an infinite speed. The formula uses a difference in potential so does not depend on your gauge. And the speed of V sure does nor depend on your gauge, or does it...?

Very interesting question, da willem.
I've always been fascinated with the AB effect, both the magnetic & electric versions; but are you aware that there is another Aharonov effect based on the vector potential?

It's called the Aharonov-Casher effect. Amazingly, it states that if a beam of
(polarized) neutrons is made to pass on both sides of a conductor of charge, the phase of the neutral particles are changed! Apparently, this is due to the participation of the vector potential in the Lagrangian of the neutrons.
Yikes

Creator

 

[pervect]

How can this be true, in the light of the electrical Aharonov-Bohm effect? Is Griffiths just plain false? Is this only part of the story?

To expand just a bit on the answers already given, the Ahranov-Bohm effect, as is the case for any physical effect, does not depend on the gauge used. When one says that the Ahranov-bohm effect depends on the potentials, one does not mean that one can determine the gauge - this is impossible, the gauge degree of freedom remains.

Thus, given that there is obviously no faster-than-light propagation of physical effects in the Lorentz gauge, the same must be true in the Columb gauge, it's just not as obvious. Basically the Columb gauge is inconvenient for problems involving relativity.

Google finds

this archived usenet post

on the topic.

 

[da_willem]

So some gauges in electrodynamics (e.g. the Coulomb gauge) do not describe the behaviour of the potentials correctly. Is the Lorentz gauge the only one that yields a velocity of c for the potentials? And how come the Coulomb gauge, which is perfectly valid in electrodynamics, yields the unphysical result of a infinite velocity for V, where did it go wrong? Is this because we used the criterium that only the resulting fields matter?

 

[dextercioby]

So some gauges in electrodynamics (e.g. the Coulomb gauge) do not describe the behaviour of the potentials correctly. Is the Lorentz gauge the only one that yields a velocity of c for the potentials? And how come the Coulomb gauge, which is perfectly valid in electrodynamics, yields the unphysical result of a infinite velocity for V, where did it go wrong? Is this because we used the criterium that only the resulting fields matter?

Gauges (all of them,including Coulomb and Lorenz-Lorentz) describe potential correctly.That is they insure that the only physical degrees of freedom appear in the correct description (classical/quantum) of the field.The reason why we chose Lorentz-Lorentz gauge is because it is consistent with the SR,as the equation (the wave equation) obtained is the same in all inertial frames,while chosing the Coulomb gauge to solve Maxwell equations for potentials leads to absurd results,like the quation for the magnetic potential is a Poisson one,but both the current density and the magnetic potential depend on time,yet derivatives wrt to time do not appear in the equation.But as i said,at hamiltonian leve,where relativistic covariance is lost (remember that hamiltonian dynamics takes place at equal times),Coulomb gauge appears naturally.And the physics is correct and and allows quantization.

 

[pervect]

So some gauges in electrodynamics (e.g. the Coulomb gauge) do not describe the behaviour of the potentials correctly. Is the Lorentz gauge the only one that yields a velocity of c for the potentials? And how come the Coulomb gauge, which is perfectly valid in electrodynamics, yields the unphysical result of a infinite velocity for V, where did it go wrong? Is this because we used the criterium that only the resulting fields matter?

No, all gauges describe the potentials "correctly", in the sense that they correctly predict the result of any experiment, including the "Arhanov-Bohm" (AB) experiments.

Thus the results of the AB experiment depend on some local function of the 4-potential, and cannot be expressed as some local function of the fields.

However, the AB experiment does not and cannot completely define or measure the 4-potential at any point - the potentials have a gauge degree of freedom that cannot be measured by any experiment.

The Lorentz gauge just makes certain theorems about the impossibility of transmitting information FTL more obvious than they would be in the columb gauge.

 

[da_willem]

Although your post was very clear and helpful Pervect, I must admit it raised some more questions... The only way I can imagine that both the Coulomb gauge and the Lorentz gauge (in which V propagates with a different speed) yield the same result for the Aharonov-Bohm effect is that A should also appear in the equation for the electrical AB effect. Is this what you mean by:

the results of the AB experiment depend on some local function of the 4-potential

The formaulae found for both AB effects at wikipedia (http://wikipedia.org/Aharonov-Bohm_effect ) can't be correct in the relativstic case can they? Are these the result from nonrelativistic QM?

And am I correct in saying there's no way to decide at which speed V propagates, and this speed could even exceed the speed of light. But this is allowed by SR as this has no physical consequences, because all physical phenomena depend on A as well, which does propagate with c?

And if A and V have a physical reality, why is there still a gauge freedom. In classical electrodynamics we used the argument that it arises from the fact that we can change A and V as ong as it does not change the fields. But now A and V have a physical reality themselves, so why can we still change them around by choosing a different gauge? Is this one of those things that just is\? Sot because all the equations we have in which A and V appear we can change gauge and the results are the same?