ABSTRACT - We present a catalog (status July 1, 2022) of triple and higher order systemsidentified containing exoplanets based on data from the literature, including various analyses. We explore statistical properties of the systems with focuson both the stars and the planets. So far, about 30 triple systems and one to three quadruple systems, including (mildly) controversial cases, have been found. The total number of planets is close to 40. All planet-hosting triple star systems are highly hierarchic, consisting of a quasi-binary complemented by a distant stellar component, which is in orbit about the common center of mass. Furthermore, the quadruple systems are in fact pairs of close binaries ("double-doubles"), with one binary harboring a planet. For the different types of star-planet systems, we introduce a template for the classifications of planetary orbital configurations in correspondence to the hierarchy of the system and the planetary host. The data show that almost all stars are main-sequence stars, as expected. However, the stellar primaries tend to be more massive (i.e., corresponding to spectral types A, F, and G) than expected from single star statistics, a finding also valid for stellar secondaries but less pronounced. Tertiary stellar components are almost exclusively low-mass stars of spectral type M. Almost all planets have been discovered based oneither the Radial Velocity or the Transit method. Both gas giants (the dominant type) and terrestrial planets (including super-Earths) have been identified. We anticipate the expansion of this data base in the light of future planetary search missions.
"The data show that almost all stars are main-sequence stars, as expected. However, the stellar primaries tend to be more massive (i.e., corresponding to spectral types A, F, and G) than expected from single star statistics, a finding also valid for stellar secondaries but less pronounced. Tertiary stellar components are almost exclusively low-mass stars of spectral type M.
Certainly never reported like that in the media or pop sci.snorkack said:There is a point made with numbers, though these vary. Namely that Sun is a high mass star - it is pointed out that this is rarely stated.
The two statistics they quote are somewhat divergent and not specific to Sun, but Sun is in about top 5% of main sequence stars.
For something that can be analyzed, seepinball1970 said:Certainly never reported like that in the media or pop sci.
"Average star" Top 5% is not average.
EDIT: from wiki "Sun has an absolute magnitude of +4.83, estimated to be brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way, most of which are red dwarfs.[30][31] "
The purpose of this catalog is to compile and organize data on planetary systems that have three or more stars, in order to better understand the formation and evolution of these complex systems.
As of now, the catalog includes 68 confirmed planet-hosting multiple star systems. However, this number is constantly growing as new systems are discovered and added to the catalog.
The systems included in the catalog were selected based on their confirmed existence of at least one planet and three or more stars. The data was collected from various sources, including ground-based telescopes and space missions such as Kepler and TESS.
Studying these systems can provide insight into the formation and evolution of planetary systems in general. By observing the interactions between multiple stars and their planets, we can better understand the dynamics and stability of these systems.
Yes, there have been several patterns and trends observed in these systems. For example, it has been found that planets in multiple star systems tend to have more eccentric orbits compared to planets in single-star systems. Additionally, the presence of multiple stars can affect the habitability of planets, as the gravitational forces from the stars can disrupt the orbits of planets and potentially make them uninhabitable.