Control of Cell Size / Mechanism of Hypertrophy

In summary, cell membranes are enlarged through a process involving the synthesis and packaging of membrane-bound proteins into vesicles, which then fuse with the membrane via SNARE proteins. Various extracellular growth factors can control the growth, division, and apoptosis behavior by promoting protein synthesis and inhibiting degradation. Muscle cells can grow very large due to contact-inhibited growth, and there are cows with a mutation in myostatin that results in abnormally large muscle growth. However, the control of individual cell size is still not fully understood."
  • #1
MisterX
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How are cell membranes enlarged? What is known about how this process is controlled? How might I read more about this topic?

I am mainly asking about animal cells.
 
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  • #2
Membrane is synthesized in the Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, along with membrane-bound proteins and packaged into vesicles. The vesicles fuse with the membrane via SNARE proteins. I don't think plasma membrane is produced without any functional proteins attached or contained (e.g. mucus secretion), and I'm not sure what controls the 'mature size' of cells. Various extracellular growth factors can control the growth/division/apoptosis behavior by promoting synthesis and inhibiting degradation of proteins (so-called mitogens and growth factors), and there have been experiments showing that adherent cell types will undergo apoptosis if they cannot spread out to some minimum size (IIRC, O'Neill, Jordan, and Ireland, Cell 44, 1986). Muscle cells can grow very large and are even multinucleated. My (cultured) cells experience contact-inhibited growth- once they touch, they stop growing.

There's a breed of cows selected due to a deletion mutation in myostatin- their muscles grow abnormally large. That's control of the organ/tissue size, not of the individual cells, but it may be a place to start.
 

Related to Control of Cell Size / Mechanism of Hypertrophy

1. What is the mechanism of hypertrophy in cells?

Hypertrophy is a process in which cells increase in size due to an increase in the size of individual cellular components, such as organelles or cytoplasm. This is typically caused by an increase in cellular activity or a response to external stimuli. The exact mechanism of hypertrophy is still not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the activation of certain signaling pathways and the production of specific proteins that promote cell growth.

2. How is cell size controlled?

Cell size is controlled through a complex interplay of various cellular processes, including nutrient availability, hormonal signaling, and cell cycle regulation. These processes work together to ensure that cells maintain a specific size range that is optimal for their function. In addition, there are also mechanisms in place to prevent cells from growing too large, such as apoptosis (programmed cell death).

3. Can cell size be manipulated?

Yes, cell size can be manipulated through various methods, such as altering nutrient availability, activating specific signaling pathways, or using genetic techniques. However, it is important to note that altering cell size can have significant consequences and should be done carefully and with proper understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

4. What role does hypertrophy play in disease?

Hypertrophy can play a role in various diseases, including cancer and heart disease. In cancer, hypertrophy can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. In heart disease, hypertrophy of heart muscle cells can occur in response to increased stress on the heart, which can lead to impaired heart function.

5. Are there any factors that can affect cell size?

Yes, there are several factors that can affect cell size, including environmental factors, nutrient availability, hormonal signaling, and genetic factors. For example, certain diseases or genetic mutations can cause abnormal cell growth and lead to changes in cell size. Additionally, external factors such as exposure to toxins or radiation can also impact cell size.

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