# Number TheoryContinued fractions

#### matqkks

##### Member
What is the most motivating way to introduce continued fractions? Are there any real life applications of continued fractions?

#### Klaas van Aarsen

##### MHB Seeker
Staff member
What is the most motivating way to introduce continued fractions? Are there any real life applications of continued fractions?
The thing that made me interested in continued fractions, is how rapidly $\pi$ is approximated by it with simple fractions - made it seem magical!

\begin{array}{}
[3] &=& 3 &=& 3.00000000000000 \\
[3;7] &=& \frac{22}{7} &=& 3.14285714285714 \\
[3;7;15] &=& \frac{333}{106} &=& 3.14150943396226 \\
[3;7;15;1] &=& \frac{355}{113} &=& 3.14159292035398 \\
[3;7;15;1;292] &=& \frac{103993}{33102} &=& 3.14159265301190 \\
\pi &=& && 3.14159265358979
\end{array}

#### mathbalarka

##### Well-known member
MHB Math Helper
I like Serena said:
The thing that made me interested in continued fractions, is how rapidly $\pi$ is approximated by it with simple fractions - made it seem magical!
I'd think it is not at all very rapid. Each to his own, perhaps?

#### chisigma

##### Well-known member
I'd think it is not at all very rapid. Each to his own, perhaps?
The main drawback of the continued fraction [3; 7, 15, 1, 292, 1, 1, ...] is that the sequence doesn't follow a precise scheme, so that computation cannot proceed autonomously. The following continued fraction follow precise schemes...

$\displaystyle \pi = 3 + \frac{1}{6 + \frac{3^{2}}{6 + \frac{5^{2}}{6 + ...}}}\ (1)$

$\displaystyle \pi = \frac{4}{1 + \frac{1}{3 + \frac{2^{2}}{5 + \frac{3^{2}}{7+...}}}}\ (2)$

Kind regards

$\chi$ $\sigma$

#### mathbalarka

##### Well-known member
MHB Math Helper
chisigma said:
The main drawback of the continued fraction [3; 7, 15, 1, 292, 1, 1, ...] is that the sequence doesn't follow a precise scheme.
Right.

PS : I'd like to add another CF to your list :

$$1 + \frac{1^{2}}{2 + \frac{3^{2}}{2 + \frac{5^{2}}{2 + \frac{7^{2}}{2 + \cdots}}}}$$

#### eddybob123

##### Active member
Not to mention:
$$\varphi =1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+...}}}$$

$$\sqrt{2}=1+\frac{1}{2+\frac{1}{2+\frac{1}{2+...}}}$$

$$e=2+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{2+\frac{1}{1+...}}}=[2;1,2,1,1,4,1,1,6,1,1,8,...]$$

#### mathbalarka

##### Well-known member
MHB Math Helper
Uh, but they are not for calculating $\pi$ are they?

#### eddybob123

##### Active member
The OP never asked for specific numbers.

#### chisigma

##### Well-known member
In the OP the following question has been proposed...

What is the most motivating way to introduce continued fractions?... Are there any real life applications of continued fractions?...

... and till now no satisfactory answer has been given. Regarding the possible use of CF for the computation of a constant like $\pi$ we can compare a series solution and a Cf solution. The series solution can be based on the following McLaurin expansion...

$\displaystyle \sin^{-1} x = x + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{(2 n -1)!!}{(2 n + 1)\ (2 n)!!}\ x^{2 n + 1} (1)$

... and from (1) we derive...

$\displaystyle \pi = 3 + 6\ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{(2 n -1)!!}{2^{2 n + 1}\ (2 n + 1)\ (2 n)!!}\ (2)$

One possible CF solution is...

$\displaystyle \pi = 3 + \frac{1}{6 + \frac{3^{2}}{6 + \frac{5^{2}}{6 + ...}}}\ (3)$

Which allows a more comfortable computation of $\pi$?... the (2) allows at each step to verify in some way the accuracy of computation and if necessary a further step can be done without problems. In the (3) the computation proceeds 'backward' in the sense that the last term is the first to be computed and to perform a further step the entire procedure must be repeated from the beginning... this way isn't comfortable!...

An example of application to CF to the 'real life' derives from my past professional experience. When I was involved in telecom equipment design it was not unusually to generate a 'funny frequency' like 84080 Hz frequency locked to a 'more conventional' frequency like 16000 Hz. In order to realize that it was necessary to implement a non integer frequency divider by something like $\frac{1051}{100}$ and the hardware scheme was directly derived by the CF expansion...

$\displaystyle \frac{1051}{100} = 11 - \frac{1}{2 + \frac{1}{25 - \frac{1}{2}}}\ (4)$

Kind regards

$\chi$ $\sigma$

#### Opalg

##### MHB Oldtimer
Staff member
What is the most motivating way to introduce continued fractions? Are there any real life applications of continued fractions?
It's not exactly a "real life" application, but continued fractions are a key tool in attacking Diophantine equations such as Pell's equation. See MarkFL's notes on that topic.

#### Deveno

##### Well-known member
MHB Math Scholar

$x^2 - bx - c = 0$, where $b,c$ are integers.

Elementary algebra shows that:

$x = b + \dfrac{c}{x} = b + \dfrac{c}{b + \frac{c}{x}} = b + \dfrac{c}{b + \frac{c}{b+\frac{c}{x}}} = \dots$

allowing any such equation to be "solved" by use of continued fractions.

One can use an adaptation of this to calculate $\sqrt{n}$:

First one determines $a_0 = \lfloor{\sqrt{n}}\rfloor$, and writes:

$\sqrt{n} = a_0 + \dfrac{1}{x_1}$.

$x_1 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n} - m} = \dfrac{\sqrt{n} + a_0}{n - a_0^2}$
$a_1 = \lfloor{\dfrac{\sqrt{n} + a_0}{n - a_0^2}}\rfloor$ so that:
$x_1 = a_1 + \dfrac{1}{x_2}$, leading to the continued fraction:
$\sqrt{n} = a_0 + \dfrac{1}{a_1 + \frac{1}{a_2 + \frac{1}{a_3 + \frac{1}{a_4 + \dots}}}}$
It can be shown that the sequence $a_0,a_1,a_2,\dots$ is "eventually periodic" which means that square roots stand in the same relationship to continued fractions as rational numbers do to decimal expansions.