Can the Hubble Expansion Explain the Mechanism of Gravity?

In summary: Continuing my research, it seems that the flow of heat isfrom the hotter object to the colder object.Gravity is caused by the exchange of these particles.In summary, the author of Pushing Gravity talks about a theory that explains the mechanism of gravity. He points out that the Earth is moving around the sun, which would result in more particles being absorbed from the forward side than the rear side. He also talks about how heat has a net flow in one direction, and how if his theory is right, the Earth can't stay a constant distance from the sun.
  • #1
darkbob5150
8
0
If you read the editors notes about a book called Pushing Gravity (http://redshift.vif.com/BookBlurbs/PushingGravity.htm [Broken]) it tells you of a theory that describes the mechanism of gravity:

"The basic idea runs like this. Space is filled with minute particles or waves of some description which strike bodies from all sides. A tiny fraction of the incident waves or particles is absorbed in this process. A single body will not move under this influence, but where two bodies are present each will be progressively urged into the shadow of the other."

It's a nice idea at first glance - when the sun is nearby, the particles coming toward the Earth through the sun are partially absorbed - so fewer of them are coming from the sun than from the other side. Therefore the Earth feels a net impulse towards the sun which is inversley proportional to the square of the distance just as in Newtons law.

The problem, as Feynman points out in his lectures, is that the Earth is moving around the sun. This would result in more particles being absorbed from the forward side than the rear side (like running into the rain) and would produce a resistance to motion that would slow down the orbital speed. If you calcultate it, it doesn't give enough time for the Earth to still be in it's orbit.

I hope the writer of the book reads this forum...
 
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  • #2
The problem, as Feynman points out in his lectures, is that the Earth is moving around the sun. This would result in more particles being absorbed from the forward side than the rear side

Not if the particles move at the speed of light and are massless.Then the Earth going around the sun is irrelevant.
 
  • #3
Massless particles still carry momentum though. Photons carry momentum hf/c which is transferred when absorbed by matter. When photons are involved in particle interactions their momentum has to be taken into account.
 
  • #4
kurious said:
The problem, as Feynman points out in his lectures, is that the Earth is moving around the sun. This would result in more particles being absorbed from the forward side than the rear side

Not if the particles move at the speed of light and are massless.Then the Earth going around the sun is irrelevant.
I think you miss the point - More rain hits your windshield when your car is moving than when it is not.
 
  • #5
gravity of Earth orbiting Sun

think you miss the point - More rain hits your windshield when your car is moving than when it is not.

What if the rain heats up the outside of your windscreen and then the heat passes to the inside of the windscreen and then leaves it as heat.The law of conservation of momentum says that the windscreen must be pushed forwards towards the rain - so net net force on the windscreen!
 
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  • #6
Ok, that's quite a strange point to make but nevermind...

If the rain heats up the windshield(!), then heat will pass through the glass by conduction. The only way for the heat to leave the windshield (if we're in a vacuum) is by radiation which will push the windshield in the opposite direction to conserve momentum as you said. However the same can be said of the side that is being heated directly by the rain (This really is a bizarre point you've made!) - heat will also radiate from the front. In fact since glass is such a poor conductor of heat, if anything it will radiate more from the front face than the rear and slow it down further.
 
  • #7
Base on my continuing research, I have one unspeakable notion up until now, that motion is just an illusion. What's real is transformation. Such as transformation of matter to energy, matter to continuous space, matter to quantized space, energy to continuous space, energy to quantized space, and continuous space to quantized space. The reverse transformations are all possible. Associated with each transformation is a rate and a probability. The rate implies "how fast or how slow" the process takes. The probability implies the likelihood of the process becoming a reality.

Rate and probability are inversely proportional. The more real it is the slower it takes to complete the process. The limiting speed is still the speed of light.
 
  • #8
mechanism of gravity

In fact since glass is such a poor conductor of heat, if anything it will radiate more from the front face than the rear and slow it down further.

heat has a net flow in one direction. However, I've a better idea because even if I'm right about the heat effect it would mean that the Earth can't stay a constant distance from the sun.How about this:

The Earth emits blueshifted gravitons which are absorbed by gravitons approaching it and redshifted gravitons which are absorbed by gravitons catching it up.So the two sets of momenta for approaching and catching up are equal.
 
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  • #9
There is a physicist called Julian Barbour who thinks that reality is just a set of moments he calls "nows". He also thinks that motion is an illusion.You can find his website at www.julianbarbour.com I think that considering we don't really understand what time is and that relativity says that time can be space, he could be right.
 
  • #10
In the original post the theory does not involve the Earth emitting anything. The particles are not gravitons as you are thinking of them, they are simply everywhere bombarding from all sides.

Why would the gravitons being emitted from the Earth be absorbed by the incoming ones?
 
  • #11
Let's take the example of the equivalence of mass and energy, [itex] E = mc^2 [/itex]. This equation says that the rate of changing mass to energy is proportional to [itex] c^2 [/itex] but the probability is proportional to [itex] \frac{1}{c^2}[/itex].

Likewise the rate of change of energy to mass is [itex] \frac{1}{c^2}[/itex] and the probability is [itex] c^2 [/itex]. Note the probabilities and rates are not normalized.
 
  • #12
Why would the gravitons being emitted from the Earth be absorbed by the incoming ones?
Because the incoming gravitons have quantum energy levels which correspond to the emission energy levels of the Earth.Hence my other post in theory development about a quantum gravity equation!I'm saying gravity is quantised because the graviton is!
 
  • #13
Let's take the example of the equivalence of mass and energy, . This equation says that the rate of changing mass to energy is proportional to but the probability is proportional to .

So if there is another wave that moves faster than the speed of light the rate at which mass becomes energy is less? In other words an atomic bomb would be less powerful?
 
  • #14
Rates are powers of the speed of light c. For example, [itex] c^2 [/itex] in [itex] E = mc^2 [/itex]. The fundamental postulate still is that no wave nor particle can go faster than c. The probability is always the inverse of the rate.

By deduction, I am also saying that continuous space, S is given by [itex] S = cE [/itex]. And by substituting E from above, [itex] S = mc^3 [/itex]. This says that the rate of m to S is faster than E to S but the probability is very, very, very low. That's is why the photons can said to be "traveling" in interstellar space and the planets "traveling" around the sun.
 
  • #15
Feynman's particle problem with gravity

Einstein's general relativity suggests that starlight passing near the sun is deflected clearly without being scattered by particle impacts. I published this and the continuum version of the mechanism of gravity by shadowing, which includes a mathematical proof of the gravity law including the constant from the Hubble expansion rate of the universe, in Electronics World, June 1999, January 2001, August 2002, and April 2003, many years after Philip Campbell wrote to me (25 November 1996) that he was "not able" to publish in Nature a review article on electro-gravity unification research. A second letter to me from the Physical Sciences Editor of Nature, Karl Ziemelis (physical sciences editor of Nature) dated 26 November 1996 further stated that: "... a review article... would be unsuitable for publication in Nature."

Electronics World, formerly Wireless World, had published Arthur C. Clark's idea of gravity for geostationary orbits in 1945 after similar suppression, so it is the best place to publish a proof on gravity. http://members.lycos.co.uk/nigelbryancook/

People, like Dr Alun M. Anderson, former editor (now publisher) of New Scientist, tried to condemn me for not sending the article to a "peer reviewed" journal, which I did with Nature. At the end of the day, anyone working on the mechanism of gravity and questioning the concept of quantum gravitation in causing smooth deflection of photons of starlight as seen in eclipse photos, is going to be wrongly called a charlatan without people bothering to check it scientifically.

There is a major difference in approach between mathematical proofs and Popperian speculations in science. Popperian speculations are the opposite of Archimedes proofs: you speculate and then experiments are done to check it. This is political stuff, because nobody can speculate unless they have political backing from an editor: speculation is suppressed, dismissed and rejected unless it comes from the right quarters.

So science is dead in that case. The alternative is Archimedes approach: you use experimental facts plus mathematical logic to prove, step by step, your results. You allow anyone to point out an error or a misinterpretation in any step. This is what I have done, and it also predicts testable constants like the universal gravitational constant. So this is both an Archimedes style proof and offers Popperian predictions.

However, it is heavy going. See https://www.physicsforums.com/archive/t-846
 
  • #16
By the way, you get drag because of particles hitting each other and dissipating energy to those particles. In this universe, particles traveling in the fabric of space create waves around them without a net loss of energy unless they are decelerated.

Because the stuff causing gravity is the continuum or fabric of space, it is not composed of particles. This is why light goes in specific directions, unlike sound which is goes in three dimensions for the mechanical reason that air is composed of molecules and hit each other on average equally in every direction.

You sometimes get people using the uncertainty principle to invent virtual particles in the fabric of space. The uncertainty principle states the product of the uncertainties in momentum and distance is at least h divided by twice pi. The product of momentum and distance is dimensionally equivalent to the product of energy and time, so energy can be being borrowed from the vacuum to form virtual particles for a time which is inversely proportional to the energy borrowed.

This works well for the nuclear forces, which are caused by relatively heavy particles which can therefore only exist for a tiny amount of time. The strong and weak nuclear forces are correct, with the strong nuclear force the quantum coupling constant is 1 (so it is 137 times stronger than the electromagnetic force, agreeing with experimental data that you can't get a nucleus with 137 protons to stay together), and the weak nuclear forces is very small because of the effect of phase space of a the beta particle emission from a neutron.

These nuclear quantum forces have a maximum range equal to the uncertainty in the time for the virtual particle multiplied by the velocity of light, d = tc. This does not happen with electromagnetic and gravitational forces, which are simply inverse square laws with no observed limiting range. So quantum gravity is incompatible with general relativity. The same happens with electromagnetism, because you cannot derive the Coulomb law from quantum electrodynamics without getting a force 137 times too high. This force is the strong nuclear force. Nobody has ever proved how an attractive force mechanically occurs from the momentum of exchanged particles, although it is obvious how repulsion could occur that way by recoil as particles exchange virtual photons. When I published the obvious mechanism in Electronics World, April 2003, along with a 16 step gravity proof, it was with electronics engineer Ivor Catt's help. All material particles spin and emit energy continuously, quite apart from photons which are emitted when particles accelerate. The continuous emission is detected as electromagnetic forces. The positive and negative particles block each other's energy exchange, giving rise to shielding and attraction for unlike particles, repulsion occurring when both particles have similar charge and thereby exchange energy, recoiling apart. I proved that the attraction force is equal in magnitude to the repulsion force, and that because opposite particles block each other, the addition in the universe is not a straight line but a random walk. The mechanism for the electromagnetic force is the gravity mehanism multiplied by by the random walk sum for all the particles of either charge in the universe, which is the square root of the number of charges, a far more accurate prediction than the 137 error in quantum electrodynamics. Nigel
 
  • #17
In order to show the existence of antigravity, first of all, we must establish the equivalence of a force and spacetime.

The tautology of general relativity that goes like the following:

"Matter curved spacetime and in turn curved spacetime dictates matter how to move"

does not necessarily need the concept of a force. But for a force to have the value of zero does not mean that forces do not exist. It can also mean that they are in equilibrium.
 
  • #18
Antonio Lao said:
In order to show the existence of antigravity, first of all, we must establish the equivalence of a force and spacetime.

The tautology of general relativity that goes like the following:

"Matter curved spacetime and in turn curved spacetime dictates matter how to move"

does not necessarily need the concept of a force. But for a force to have the value of zero does not mean that forces do not exist. It can also mean that they are in equilibrium.


I agree with your equilibrium suggestion. When Prevost first, back in 1792, put forward the concept that all objects emit heat radiation even when at steady temperatures, it was ridiculed by bigots.

People claimed that at room temperature, nothing is cooling down, and if it were then different objects would change temperature at different rates, and so on. This sort of sticking-sticks-in-the-spokes of a new theory holds back science. Even when the Earth's rotation was proposed to Copernicus, circa 1500, instead of trying to see the value of it, critics tried to discredit it by saying that people would be thrown off the equator at 1000 mph it it were true, so it must be false, blah, blah, blah. None of this arm-waving criticism contributed much to science, but it held back progress.

Similarly, where you say zero force may mean an equilibrium, you have to address the "normal reaction" force of the textbooks, which is the floor pushing up against you to cancel your weight.

According to Feynman, we attribute this to Pauli's exclusion principle in preventing the atoms of the floor being compressed, but there is more to it than that. When you step on the floor, you get electrons in the floor repelling those in your shoe. You also get a seismic ripple of information passing downwards, and a certain amount of compression occurring down i the material below. It is not instantaneous, but takes time for the floor to respond. All told, it is very complex, and it is convenient for textbook writers to ignore the whole thing and use the concept of "normal reaction force". In gravity we have every stationary object being pressed equally by the fabric of space from every direction. It is the disturbance of this equilibrium by the presence of a shielding mass which causes "gravity".
 
  • #19
Gravity, to me, I'm theorizing it as the difference of two fundamental forces. These are the forces similar to the electric force and magnetic force before the concepts of charge and mass are defined. The existence of charge and mass were predicted but what I am doing is the postdiction of the forces responsible for the existence of charge and mass. These are not 'opposites' of good and evil forces as what the movies portrait. But forces with its own independent existence.

Because there are two ways of taking the differences of these forces, both gravity and antigravity can be defined. If these two forces are symbolized by [itex]F_E [/itex] and [itex] F_B [/itex] and the force of gravity is [itex] F^{-}_G [/itex] and the force of antigravity is [itex] F^{+}_G [/itex] then

[tex] F^{+}_G = F_B - F_E [/tex]

and

[tex]F^{-}_G = F_E - F_B [/tex]
 
  • #20
You can say that electromagnetism is anti-gravity (it stops gravity carrying you down through the floor!). But you can't easily get gravity from considering electricity and magnetism separately, since Maxwell's equations (which were controversial for postulating displacement current) unified electricity and magnetism in 1865 into "electromagnetism". The forces of electromagnetism are 10^40 times those of gravity. My view is expressed on http://members.lycos.co.uk/nigelbryancook
 
  • #21
Displacement current exists only for source of magnetic field where the current density is not zero or saying that the divergence of the magnetic is not zero. But in vacuum, the divergence of the magnetic field is zero. There are no displacement current in the vacuum but there still exist an electric field and a magnetic field. The constant interaction of these vector fields gives the speed of light in vacuum.
 
  • #22
Maxwell claimed that the whole purpose of displacement current was to complete the circuit in which you have a charging or discharging capacitor (known as a leyden jar or "condenser" in his day) with a vacuum dielectric between its plates. Maxwell then used the displacement current term to give the solution for the wave equation of light as a 300,000 km/s electromagnetic wave. In his theory, the displacement current is essential for completing the cycle of light and allowing it to self-propagate as a sequence of alternating electric and magnetic fields. Ivor Catt and myself point out that in Maxwell's theory of light, the electric and magnetic fields need to be out of phase, whereas they are drawn in Maxwell's own treatise and subsequent textbooks as being exactly in phase. Nobody understands what Maxwell's light means enough to see that the diagram contradicts his theory. People say that Planck's quantum or QED completely replaces Maxwell's light theory, but this has not in fact been done.
 
  • #23
If there is mass-charge, then the electromagnetic field inside matter creates the displacement current. In vacuum, there is no mass-charge, hence displacement current does not exist. In other words, the existence of current density. This density can only be found in mass-charge (dielectric materials, and for vacuum dielectric the creation of magnetic field generates the displacement current) and not in vacuum or maybe there is current in vacuum but only localized or say quantized.

The displacement current is an indirect proof of the existence of magnetic field. A completely distinct field from the electric field. Their interaction respectively in space and time produces light.
 
  • #24
To create an acceleration of 9.8 m/s/s on the surface of the Earth each quark ( there are about 10 ^ 51 of them in the planet as a whole) must receive, from gravitons,
10 ^ - 56 kg of mass changing its speed from 10 ^ 22 m / s ( I will derive this speed later on – it helps with aberration in orbits) to zero m /s in 10 ^ -8 seconds – about the time it takes for an electron to absorb light in an average atom.
The total mass received by all the quarks in the Earth is 10^ 51 x 10 ^-56 kg.
This is 10^ - 5 kg.
The Earth has a volume of 10 ^ 21 cubic metres.
So the mass density of gravitons is 10^ - 5 / 10 ^ 21 = 10 ^ - 26 kg.
According to John Baez this is the upper limit for vacuum energy.
So, where did the speed of 10 ^ 22 m / s for the graviton come from?

Let’s take the radius excess for the Earth, from GR, which is of the order of 10 ^ -3 metres for the Earth.Let’s consider how much electric charge of one sign, say the positive charges, is in the Earth and then suppose that there is some equivalence between charge and mass – (for starters they both obey inverse square laws).
Then :

radius excess = GM / 3C^2 = k q / v^2 where k is 9.9 x 10 ^ 9 q = 10 ^ -19 and v is unknown.
radius excess = 10 ^ -3 = kq / v ^ 2 gives v = 10 ^ 22 m/s.

Le Sage is right if we believe gravitons travel faster than light!
 
  • #25
I've done a calculation using George Luis le Sage's theory of pushing gravity.
It says that a photon will be blueshifted when it "falls" in the Earth's gravitational field
by 1.00001 times more on the side of the Earth shaded from the Sun than on the side of the Earth facing the Sun.Gravity probe B won't be able to measure the difference
but when the mossbauer effect can be measured 10 times more accurately, it will!
 
  • #26
If two electric charges of opposite sign attract one another in the le Sagian way by being pushed together by force carriers in the vacuum,
then how do we explain repulsion between two charges of the same sign?
The answer must be something like this:
the particles which carry the electric force come into contact with one charge
and somehow are physically altered by that charge in such a manner that when
the force carrier reaches the second charge the interaction between the physical state of the force carrier and the physical state of the second charge tells the second charge how to interact with force carriers that are about to reach it.
Instead of being pushed by the force carrier the charge is pulled.
Perhaps the charge now interacts with negative force carriers – force carriers that carry momentum in the opposite direction to which they are travelling. Is it these negative carriers that keep the vacuum energy low compared to the 10^120 J/ m^3 estimate?
If we try to find a unifying mathematical description of gravity and electricity it would possibly have the following relationships:

positive charge x negative charge x negative force carrier = positive

positive mass x positive mass x positive force carrier = positive

so the products have the same sign which represents attraction.

But can the colour force and weak force be described by the le Sagian
approach?
 
  • #27
I think the gravity waves that scientist are searching for have a frequency of exactly one unit (1 cycle per time period). If the speed is the same as light speed then the wavelength of gravity waves is 186,000 miles. Their energy is exactly one Planck's constant.
 
  • #28
I have been considering a possibility like that (in my imagination though) where an object does not move from one point to the next. But that the empty space is transformed into the mentioned object. This would mean that every motion requires an inmense amount of energy (unless is done in another dimension requiring less energy). I'm I getting your point right? or I am going on a limb?
 
  • #29
felipefas,

We know there are two kinds of energy: the potential and kinetic. The potential is energy of position and the kinetic is energy of motion. The vacuum as a whole (sum of zero-point energies) is theorize of containing infinite amount of energy and the vacuum is not moving although it is fluctuating. But the vacuum does not seem to have any mass.
 
  • #30
Antonio Lao said:
I think the gravity waves that scientist are searching for have a frequency of exactly one unit (1 cycle per time period). If the speed is the same as light speed then the wavelength of gravity waves is 186,000 miles. Their energy is exactly one Planck's constant.

Not sure if these other scientists to which you refer, with those engaged in the LIGO project are looking for gravity waves caused by the motion of distant objects. The wavelength and frequency would be determined by that motion, and would vary from one object to the next.
 
  • #31
There is no doubt that many scientists are searching for gravity waves. These waves are very weak. Their signal to noise ratios is very, very small, near the limit of undetectability. It will be easier to detect if somebody comes up with a way of boosting the S/N ratios.
 
  • #32
darkbob5150 said:
If you read the editors notes about a book called Pushing Gravity (http://redshift.vif.com/BookBlurbs/PushingGravity.htm [Broken]) it tells you of a theory that describes the mechanism of gravity:

"The basic idea runs like this. Space is filled with minute particles or waves of some description which strike bodies from all sides. A tiny fraction of the incident waves or particles is absorbed in this process. A single body will not move under this influence, but where two bodies are present each will be progressively urged into the shadow of the other."

It's a nice idea at first glance - when the sun is nearby, the particles coming toward the Earth through the sun are partially absorbed - so fewer of them are coming from the sun than from the other side. Therefore the Earth feels a net impulse towards the sun which is inversley proportional to the square of the distance just as in Newtons law.

The problem, as Feynman points out in his lectures, is that the Earth is moving around the sun. This would result in more particles being absorbed from the forward side than the rear side (like running into the rain) and would produce a resistance to motion that would slow down the orbital speed. If you calcultate it, it doesn't give enough time for the Earth to still be in it's orbit.

I hope the writer of the book reads this forum...

I corresponded with the editor of the book Pushing Gravity, who stated he does not believe in the big bang, despite the 3 strong lines of evidence for the big bang (cosmological redshift, abundances of the elements, cosmic background radiation details). My answer to Feynman is suppressed by the editor of Nature, who wrote to me on 25 Nov 96 ‘… we are not able to offer to publish… we have not communicated the contents of your paper to any person outside this office.’

So there can be no discussion of why the 377 ohm dielectric of the vacuum of space, which is the same stuff that exists between the Earth and the sun beyond the atmosphere, has four electromagnetic properties (permittivity, permeability, impedance, and characteristic velocity) as well as conducting gravitational forces, yet does not slow down the planets by impact collisions like air causing drag on you as you run. The answer is that the impedance of space is not cumulative, it is a continuum.

The proof of this is Heaviside's discovery that the impedance of space is 377 ohms, period. It's not dependent on distance (unlike a wire composed of particulate charges, where the resistance is in ohms/metre of length), so there is no accumulated loss no matter how far you travel.

The drag in the continuum of space occurs only once, 377 ohms. It does not continue afterwards, since you need only set up the electromagnetic wave form once. http://members.lycos.co.uk/nigelbryancook/
 
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  • #33
Here is the email from the editor of the Pushing Gravity book:

From :
Matt Edwards <matt.edwards@utoronto.ca>

To :
nigel cook <nigelbryancook@hotmail.com>

CC :
ivorcatt@electromagnetism.demon.co.uk

Subject :
Re: Book Notice- Pushing Gravity

Date :
Wed, 23 Oct 2002 13:26:15 -0400

Reply Reply All Forward Delete Put in Folder...InboxSent MessagesDraftsTrash Can Printer Friendly Version

Dear Nigel,

Thanks for your interesting e-mail. I have had a look at the website you
mentioned and found the mechanism you propose there quite novel. Your ideas
are very much in the Le Sage mode and I would say that you would almost
certainly find Pushing Gravity a useful and interesting book.

I should mention that I do not share your view that the universe is
expanding. I favour a static model. In fact, yours is the first paper I'm
aware of that ties a Le Sage mechanism of gravity explicitly to expansion of
the universe. Some of the equations in your paper look a lot like the
equations in a paper of mine that I did not publish in Pushing Gravity, and
your expression for G (in terms of H, etc.) was almost identical! I did not
go through all the math in your example, but
the similarities are quite remarkable, given that I was putting forward a
quite different mechanism. I will get that other paper out and try to see how
these similarities could have arisen.

Please let me know when your book comes out. It sounds pretty interesting.

Best wishes,
Matt
 
  • #34
Expansion of the universe is most probably caused by electric charges of the same sign
some of which will reverse their sign and cause attraction and the eventual collapse of the universe.The high energy of the big bang must have forced the particles that carry the charge into a high energy positive or negative state that will lose energy
according to the Heisenberg relation E x t = h.We don't understand what electric charges are and we assume they are constant - perhaps they're not.I think le Sage was right about gravity being a pushing force but I think that the electric force is also a pushing force - in the case of attraction of charges.The repulsion of like charges can be explained by negative energy - energy that carries momentum in the opposite direction to which it is travelling.Le sage's ideas need putting in the context of all
the forces of nature not just gravity.
 
  • #35
kurious said:
Expansion of the universe is most probably caused by electric charges of the same sign
some of which will reverse their sign and cause attraction and the eventual collapse of the universe.The high energy of the big bang must have forced the particles that carry the charge into a high energy positive or negative state that will lose energy
according to the Heisenberg relation E x t = h.We don't understand what electric charges are and we assume they are constant - perhaps they're not.I think le Sage was right about gravity being a pushing force but I think that the electric force is also a pushing force - in the case of attraction of charges.The repulsion of like charges can be explained by negative energy - energy that carries momentum in the opposite direction to which it is travelling.Le sage's ideas need putting in the context of all
the forces of nature not just gravity.

Agreed about pushing forces being involved in gravity and electromagnetism. Repulsion is also a pushing effect, you exchange energy and thereby momentum between two particles of similar charge, and get them recoiling away from one another just as if they were firing bullets at each other in space. Attraction of unlike charges is the shielding from one another of energy carrying momentum coming in from the surrounding universe. You find that with a random distribution of + and - charges shielding one another, the net exchange summation is a random or drunkard's walk, which is an addition amounting to the square root of the number of particles. The inward pressure of the exchanged electromagnetic energy is driven by the inward dielectric pressure which causes gravity (http://members.lycos.co.uk/nigelbryancook/). The electromagnetic force is therefore larger than the gravity force by the square root of the number of particles.
 
<h2>1. Can the Hubble Expansion explain the mechanism of gravity?</h2><p>No, the Hubble Expansion and gravity are two separate phenomena that cannot be explained by the same mechanism. The Hubble Expansion is the expansion of the universe, while gravity is a force that attracts objects towards each other.</p><h2>2. How does the Hubble Expansion affect our understanding of gravity?</h2><p>The Hubble Expansion has no direct effect on our understanding of gravity. However, it does provide evidence for the Big Bang theory, which is a key component in understanding the origin of the universe and how gravity works on a larger scale.</p><h2>3. Is the Hubble Expansion related to Einstein's theory of general relativity?</h2><p>Yes, the Hubble Expansion is related to Einstein's theory of general relativity. This theory explains how gravity works on a large scale, including the expansion of the universe.</p><h2>4. Can the Hubble Expansion be used to prove the existence of dark matter?</h2><p>No, the Hubble Expansion cannot be used to directly prove the existence of dark matter. However, it does provide evidence for the presence of dark matter in the universe, as it cannot be explained by visible matter alone.</p><h2>5. How does the Hubble Expansion affect the rate of gravity?</h2><p>The Hubble Expansion does not affect the rate of gravity. Gravity is a constant force, and the Hubble Expansion does not change this fundamental property.</p>

1. Can the Hubble Expansion explain the mechanism of gravity?

No, the Hubble Expansion and gravity are two separate phenomena that cannot be explained by the same mechanism. The Hubble Expansion is the expansion of the universe, while gravity is a force that attracts objects towards each other.

2. How does the Hubble Expansion affect our understanding of gravity?

The Hubble Expansion has no direct effect on our understanding of gravity. However, it does provide evidence for the Big Bang theory, which is a key component in understanding the origin of the universe and how gravity works on a larger scale.

3. Is the Hubble Expansion related to Einstein's theory of general relativity?

Yes, the Hubble Expansion is related to Einstein's theory of general relativity. This theory explains how gravity works on a large scale, including the expansion of the universe.

4. Can the Hubble Expansion be used to prove the existence of dark matter?

No, the Hubble Expansion cannot be used to directly prove the existence of dark matter. However, it does provide evidence for the presence of dark matter in the universe, as it cannot be explained by visible matter alone.

5. How does the Hubble Expansion affect the rate of gravity?

The Hubble Expansion does not affect the rate of gravity. Gravity is a constant force, and the Hubble Expansion does not change this fundamental property.

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