First, the electric/Coulomb force set up by a battery across its terminal is conservative, and its potential is given by the well-known V. I also understand the conventional usage of emf is as a voltage potential.
However, a battery does more than just set up the electric field and its...
It is well known that a circular loop of steady current does not radiate, even though each individual charge is undergoing centripetal acceleration.
How about a loop of steady current that is shaped in a square? Does this structure radiate?
I came upon this page that provides the answer:
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/em/lectures/node125.html
But I can't figure out what gamma(u) is. Could anyone help?