I've performed numerous XRD and SAXS experiments while working in an x-ray laboratory and taken many courses in solid state and x-ray physics so yes, I do know something about crystallography. When one derives the elastic scattering cross section, Bragg's law etc. the photons "size" does not...
You just write down the Hamiltonian so that it includes the electromagnetic interaction.
Andrew: A free electron can not absorb a photon. An electron bound to an atom or a band electron in a solid for example can. Even then the electron does not absorb the photon but the whole atom or solid...
With a ccd-detector for example you have lots of sensitive elements which basiclly count single photons. With a film you need enough radiation to actually physically color the film. Not that surprising if you think about it.
Under resonant conditions you can look at the absorption process as an elastic scattering event and as an inelastic one while off resonance. On resonance it also dependends on what decay channels the excited electron has.
The assumption (I wouldn't call it an axiom) that the particles do not interact is just a starting point for learning how things really work. For example the free electron theory in metals does not work too well with real materials but it's easy to exctract some quantitatively correct results...
Basically condensed matter physics, chemistry and materials science are all viable routes for getting into the nano field. The two latter will more likely lead you into fabrication of nanostructures but not neccessarily.
But we do study magnetism at it's most fundamental level. That being the level of atoms and electrons and their interactions in condensed matter. Your question is a bit unclear to me and maybe I'm missing your point?
this is mainly a quess but I think it could be the dimension of the delta function ie if d=3 the the q-vectors are 3 component vectors. I think I've seen such notation used somewhere.
I'm not sure if I understand you completely but... look up Hund's rules. An atom can have more than one unpaired electron. They're in different angular momentum states though.